Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 3: In vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity

Roemer, E.; Tewes, F.J.; Meisgen, T.J.; Veltel, Detlef J.; Carmines, E.L.

doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(01)00086-2

Cited by 98 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…If there was any adverse effect of added menthol on mainstream smoke composition, it did not stick out in this study. The findings were consistent with the lack of any increase of biological activity in the in vitro (231) and in vivo (232) assays done with the same test cigarettes. A comprehensive overview of the effects of menthol on tobacco smoke properties was prepared in 2010 by HECK (267).…”

Section: Mentholsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The results and conclusions were consistent with those from other cigarette additive studies and with human epidemiological evidence indicating that smoke from cigarettes with additives was no more hazardous for health than smoke from additive free cigarettes (238). In their reply, WERTZ et al (235) stated that OLDHAM and MCKINNEY sidestepped the most important points of critique of the studies by CARMINES and colleagues (229)(230)(231)(232), and repeated their arguments without presenting new facts.…”

Section: Comprehensive Experimental Studiessupporting

confidence: 73%

“…• CARMINES (229), RUSTEMEIER et al (230), ROEMER et al (231) and VANSCHEEUWIJCK et al (232) In 2002, CARMINES (229) described a testing program designed to evaluate the potential effects of 333 commonly used additives -as mixtures -on selected chemical and biological endpoints in cigarette mainstream smoke. The experimental cigarettes were made of a typical commercial U.S. tobacco blend.…”

Section: Comprehensive Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between 7% and 15% of the tobacco was replaced by the additive mixtures in the six different experimental cigarettes. The purpose of the study was the determination -and publication in separate papers -of the effects of additives on 51 selected mainstream smoke constituents (230), on in vitro toxicity, assessed in the Ames Salmonella reverse mutagenicity test and the mouse embryo cell cytotoxicity (neutral red uptake) assay (231), and in 90-day nose-only smoke inhalation studies in rats (232). The results of mainstream smoke analysis were presented comprehensively in a table on a per cigarette basis.…”

Section: Comprehensive Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(235). They pointed out that the approach and methods used (229)(230)(231)(232) were based on sound toxicological principles and guidelines. The testing program was developed by adapting ways of toxicological evaluation by the U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION for food additives (236) and proposed by the CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION for cigarettes (237).…”

Section: Comprehensive Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Tobacco additives play an important role in the manufacturing and for the quality of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes and roll-your-own tobaccos. Attention is increasingly given to the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. This review is intended to compile, collate and - to some degree - evaluate the wealth of pertinent scientific information available from the published literature and other special sources. At first, the reasons are set forth for the use of additives in cigarette manufacturing. In response to the growing controversy over the attractiveness and addictiveness of smoking, the clarification of terms and concepts is followed by a detailed discussion of two kinds of substances with particular relevance: Additives like ammonium compounds that are claimed to increase nicotine availability, and additives that are claimed to increase nicotine addictiveness.The composition and toxicity of mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives are assessed in several respects. The potentials of pyrolysis studies are explored by looking at a number of key studies and some basic considerations regarding in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing are addressed. Five major literature reviews on additives published between 1994 and 2004, and the results of several comprehensive experimental studies covering a large range of additives, released between 2002 and 2012, are dealt with in detail. Single tobacco additives of particular importance (menthol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, sorbitol, sugars, cocoa, licorice, citric acid, triacetin, and ammonium compounds) are discussed in dedicated chapters, which are generally subdivided into special sections: Use and toxicological assessment; inclusion level in cigarettes, transfer and pyrolysis; attractiveness and addictiveness; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke composition; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke toxicity. Epidemiological findings and data obtained by the biomonitoring of smokers consuming cigarettes with and without additives are compiled and interpreted specifically for American blend cigarettes, Virginia cigarettes, “French” (dark) cigarettes and menthol cigarettes whereby the focus is on the effects of additives on smoking topography and potential health risks.Opinionated reviews were published in recent years that are compromised by arbitrary selection of sources and unbalanced views. Leaving those unconsidered, the aggregated scientific knowledge shows that tobacco additives have only occasional and limited effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition, which are almost never reflected in the results of toxicological in vitro assays or in vivo studies. This supports the conclusion that tobacco additives are not likely to increase the known health risks of smoking. There is also no evidence for sustaining claims that certain additives increase nicotine availability or nicotine addictiveness.

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Section: Mentholsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Comprehensive Experimental Studiessupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Comprehensive Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comprehensive Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comprehensive Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Key challenges for in vitro testing of tobacco products for regulatory applications: Recommendations for dosimetry

Miller-Holt¹,

Behrsing

Crooks

et al. 2022

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS) is sponsoring a series of workshops to develop recommendations for optimal scientific and technical approaches for conducting in vitro assays to assess potential toxicity within and across tobacco and various next‐generation products (NGPs) including heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs). This publication was developed by a working group of the workshop members in conjunction with the sixth workshop in that series entitled “Dosimetry for conducting in vitro evaluations” and focuses on aerosol dosimetry for aerosol exposure to combustible cigarettes, HTP, and ENDS aerosolized tobacco products and summarizes the key challenges as well as documenting areas for future research.

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Tabak, Tabakinhalts- und -zusatzstoffe

Tabakabhängigkeit

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Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 3: In vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity

Cited by 98 publications

References 29 publications

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Key challenges for in vitro testing of tobacco products for regulatory applications: Recommendations for dosimetry

Tabak, Tabakinhalts- und -zusatzstoffe

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