Evaluation of the pollution of the surface waters of Greece from the priority compounds of List II, 76/464/EEC Directive, and other toxic compounds

Lekkas, Themistokles D.; Kolokythas, George; Nikolaou, Anastasia D.; Kostopoulou, Maria N.; Κοτρικλά, Άννα; Gatidou, Georgia; Thomaidis, Nikolaos S.; Golfínopoulos, Spyros K.; Makri, Christina; Babos, Damianos; Vagi, Maria C.; Stasinakis, Athanasios S.; Petsas, Andreas S.; Lekkas, Dimitrios

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2004.04.001

Cited by 89 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The same authors reported that in many cases the concentration of atrazine in runoff waters from treated fields was as high as 4 ppm, although in most surface waters the concentration was far below that. In Greece, studies indicated that the concentration of atrazine ranged between 0.025 and 0.330 ppm in rivers and lakes (Lekkas et al 2004). It should be noted that concerning the concentrations of atrazine that can be found in marine ecosystems, limited information exists.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of atrazine on the viability and the formation of byssus of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

2010

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Shellfish farming often takes place in areas subjected to various recurring pollutions. The intensive use of herbicides in agriculture leads to the presence of residues in the aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, the effects of atrazine on the viability of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the formation of their byssus were studied. A total of 720 mussels (mean length 24 mm ± 2.1 SD) were divided into six groups. The mussels from the first five groups were exposed to five concentrations of atrazine, 10, 8, 5, 2 and 1 ppm, while one group was used as control. The LC 50 was calculated after 48 h, while the long-term effect of atrazine on the viability and byssus formation of the mussels were studied for 21 days. The LC 50 was found to be 6.33 ppm. From all the concentrations of atrazine to which the mussels were exposed, only in two of them (2 and 1 ppm) some mussels survived up to the last day of the experiment. The survival rate in the control group was significantly higher than those of mussels that were exposed to atrazine. Regarding the byssus formation, the number of byssal threads was significant lower in the mussels that were exposed to 2 and 1 ppm atrazine compared to the control group, while no byssal threads were formed by the mussels exposed to 10, 8 and 5 ppm. All the mussels that survived on day 21 were then exposed to air. The LT 50 for the control group and the mussels which had been exposed to 1 and 2 ppm atrazine were 5.14, 2.77 and 1.98 days, respectively. The results of the present study indicate that atrazine has a significant effect on the viability of mussels both in the water and in air and on their ability to form byssus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of atrazine on the viability and the formation of byssus of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

2010

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“…The occurrence of these compounds was attributed to intense agricultural activity as well as transboundary pollution. Lekkas et al (2004) found that the largest number of volatile, semi-volatile, and OC compounds was detected in Strymonas and Axios Rivers. In a more recent review of surface water pesticide pollution in Greece (Konstantinou et al 2006), OC pesticide concentrations were reported to be low, with the exception of HCH isomers and aldrin, which showed high levels, particularly in Northern Greece rivers, denoting again probable transboundary pollution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Occurrence of priority organic pollutants in Strymon river catchment, Greece: inland, transitional, and coastal waters

Litskas

Dosis

Karamanlis

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Twenty-five sampling stations were selected in order to monitor persistent organic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine (OC) pesticides and total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) in surface water from Kerkini Lake, the Strymon River, its main tributaries and estuary in N. Aegean Sea during January to July, 2008, according to recent European Union (EU) guidelines. The data were divided among the high (January to April) and the low flow season (May to July). Generally, the values for organic pollutants were within the range reported worldwide for surface water. Elevated PAHs concentrations were observed compared with other places in Greece. Anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene exceeded maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of the relative EU guideline. Also, concentrations above MAC were observed for OCs, γ-HCH, and a-endosulfan. Despite the fact that it is banned since 1972, Aldrin was detected during the monitoring season (from limit of detection (LOD) to 15 ng L(-1)). Total PCB concentrations ranged from LOD to 162 ng L(-1). In addition, the load of organic pollutants was estimated in April (high flow) and June (low flow) in selected sampling stations. According to this estimation, napthalene, anthracene, and fluoranthene (PAHs), total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), aldrin, and total PCBs had the highest load. Taking into account the relative EU guidelines concerning the pollutants studied, the water quality in the Strymon River catchment could be characterized as poor, which can lead to negative impacts to its biota.

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“…The LODs obtained with the proposed method are similar (6, 7) or even better (8) to those reported in other studies using Oasis HLB in which standard solutions or mains water have been used for their calculation. Most studies using different sorbents and HPLC with DAD or UV detection have achieved worse LODs to those obtained with the developed method (14,22,23,28). The accuracy (expressed as percentage recovery) was studied using 500 mL of unpolluted tap and mineral water samples spiked with 0.1 µg L −1 of a standard mixture of the compounds.…”

Section: −1mentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple method for simultaneous determination of nine triazines in drinking water

Beceiro-González

González-Castro

Pouso-Blanco

et al. 2014

Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews

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A simple, effective, and economic method for determination of nine triazines (ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine, prometryn, propazine, simazine, simetryn, terbuthylazine, and terbutryn) in drinking water based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was developed. A specialized solid phase (Oasis HLB) was used, and the parameters that may affect the efficiency of SPE were optimized. The limits of detection (ranged from 0.010 to 0.023 µg L −1) were satisfactory and allow the determination of triazines at the levels required by European Union legislation. Repeatability (2.4-7.6%) and intermediate precision (0.9-11.0%) calculated at 0.1 µg L −1 (legislation level) were adequate. The accuracy calculated as the average recovery of spiked tap and mineral waters was higher than 86% for all compounds. The developed method also could be used for undergraduate laboratory experiments because it acquaints students with solution preparation, solid phase extraction procedure, and HPLC-DAD technique.

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Evaluation of the pollution of the surface waters of Greece from the priority compounds of List II, 76/464/EEC Directive, and other toxic compounds

Cited by 89 publications

References 19 publications

Effects of atrazine on the viability and the formation of byssus of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Effects of atrazine on the viability and the formation of byssus of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Occurrence of priority organic pollutants in Strymon river catchment, Greece: inland, transitional, and coastal waters

A simple method for simultaneous determination of nine triazines in drinking water

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