Evaluation of the performance and gas emissions of a tractor diesel engine using blended fuel diesel and biodiesel to determine the best loading stages

Abstract

Fossil fuels are the main energy sources responsible for harmful emissions and global warming. Using biodiesel made from waste deep-frying oil as an alternative fuel source in diesel engines has drawn great attention. This biodiesel is produced using the transesterification process and blends with mineral diesel at Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Egypt. The turbocharged diesel engine of a Kubota M-90 tractor was tested. The objectives of this work are to test tractor as a source of power in the farm using waste deep-frying oil biodiesel to utilize waste frying oils (WFO) in clean energy production on the farm and determine the best engine loading stages to maximize engine efficiencies for different fuel blends and reduce the environmental impact of gas emissions from tractor diesel engines in the farms. The experiment design was factorial, with two factors, where the first was the engine load (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and the second was fuel blend (0%, 5%, 20%, and 100% biodiesel), and the effects of loading stages and biodiesel percentage on engine performance indicators of engine speed, power take off torque, power take off power, brake power, brake mean effective pressure, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and gas emissions were studied. The experimental results indicated that engine load percentage and fuel blend percentage significantly affected all studied characters, and the best engine loading stages were between 25 and 75% to maximize engine efficiency and minimize the specific fuel consumption and gas emissions. Increasing the biodiesel percentage at all loading stages resulted decreasing in Engine brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency, Power take-off (PTO) torque, and brake mean effective pressure and increases in brake specific fuel consumption. Increasing the engine load resulted in decreases in O2 emissions and increases in CO2, CO, NO, and SO2 emissions. Increasing the biodiesel percentage in the blended fuel samples resulted in increases in O2 and NO emissions and decreases in CO2, CO, and SO2 emissions. The use of biodiesel with diesel fuel reduces the environmental impact of gas emissions and decreases engine efficiency.

Biodiesel Produced from Pangasius Oil Operating a Diesel Engine: Case Study in Vietnam

“…In contrast to oxygen in the air, oxygen in the fuel accelerates the internal combustion for the fuel-rich injections. The oxygen content in the biodiesel molecule is higher than in the petrol-diesel, resulting in more complete and cleaner combustion, as reported by previous studies [16], [19]. This leads to better fuel burning than is the case when using biodiesel.…”

“…10. It has been reported by some previous studies [18], [19] that fuel with a longer burning phase shows lower particulate emissions and higher NOx emissions under high load operation.…”

“…It has been reported in several other studies reported that using pure biodiesel also causes an increase in NOx emissions [16]- [19]. Some have suggested that using biodiesel during complete combustion leads to lower CO2 emissions than pure diesel because of the low C/H ratio in biodiesel [19], [20].…”

“…As the engine speed increases, the gas flow increases, and then the pressure in the cylinder and the temperature also increases. For these reasons, the oxidation rate of HC should increase at higher speeds, making possible a significant reduction in HC emissions [4], [19].…”

Impact of Plant Spacing and Nitrogen Rates on Growth Characteristics and Yield Attributes of Egyptian Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.)

“…More competition among plants suppresses plant growth under narrow spacing. A wider plant space resulted in a shorter internodal space ( Alfaqeih et al, 2002 ; Emaish et al, 2021 ). This is in affirmation with the earlier findings of Stephenson, IV et al (2011) , who concluded that higher plant density decreased the number of monopodial and sympodial branches.…”