Evaluation of the in vitro biocompatibility of PMMA/high-load HA/carbon nanostructures bone cement formulations

Abstract

Although commercially-available poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cement is widely used in total joint replacements, it has many shortcomings, a major one being that it does not osseointegrate with the contiguous structures. We report on the in vitro evaluation of the biocompatibility of modified formulations of the cement in which a high loading of hydroxyapatite (67 wt/wt%), an extra amount of benzoyl peroxide, and either 0.1 wt/wt% functionalized carbon nanotubes or 0.5 wt/wt% graphene oxide was added to the cement powder and an extra amount of dimethyl-p-toluidiene was added to the cement's liquid monomer. This evaluation was done using mouse L929 fibroblasts and human Saos-2 osteoblasts. For each combination of cement formulation and cell type, there was high cell viability, low apoptosis, and extensive spread on disc surfaces. Thus, these two cement formulations may have potential for use in the clinical setting.

Safety, osseointegration, and bone ingrowth analysis of PMMA‐based porous cement on animal metaphyseal bone defect model

“…Nevertheless, bone substitute research is a fast growing area . Primary pursued goals are the enhancement of osseointegration and bone ingrowth capacity, adequate mechanical resistance, resorbability, and injectability . Porous structure improves integration with the bone and accelerates reabsorption.…”

“…1 Primary pursued goals are the enhancement of osseointegration and bone ingrowth capacity, adequate mechanical resistance, resorbability, and injectability. 1,5,[29][30][31][32][33] Porous structure improves integration with the bone and accelerates reabsorption. In addition, porosity decreases resistance and increases elasticity of rigid cement bases, resembling trabecular bone.…”

Graphene and its nanostructure derivatives for use in bone tissue engineering: Recent advances

“… Evolution of the morphology of mouse L929 fibroblasts (a‐c) and human Saos‐2 osteoblasts (d–f) cultured on PMMA/HA …”

Apatite‐forming ability, cytocompatibility, and mechanical properties enhancement of poly methyl methacrylate‐based bone cements by incorporating of baghdadite nanoparticles

“…3 Therefore, numerous studies were carried out in order to enhance PMMA properties by mixing this polymer with other polymers. For instance, Gil et al 9 showed that the bioactivity of PMMA bone cement increased after the addition of hydroxyapatite. 4 For instance, in a study by Abdolrazek et al, 5 PMMA was blended with PCL as a biocompatible and cost-effective polymer through casting method to enhance its structural and physical properties.…”