Evaluation of the human placenta optical scattering properties using continuous wave and frequency-domain diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Abstract

Significance: Placenta is an essential organ for fetal development and successful reproduction. Placental insufficiency can lead to fetal hypoxia and, in extreme cases anoxia, leading to fetal death. Of the 145 million deliveries per year worldwide, ∼15 million neonates are small for gestational age and, therefore, at risk for antepartum and intrapartum hypoxia. Clinical methods to assess placental function largely rely on the assessment of fetal heart rate changes but do not assess placental oxygenation. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) allows non-invasive, real-time assessment of tissue oxygenation in intact organs, which can be used to assess placental oxygenation. However, tissue optical properties can affect the accuracy of methods to measure tissue oxygenation. Aim: This study was performed to estimate the scattering coefficient of the human placenta. We have computed the scattering coefficients of the human placenta for the range of 659 to 840 nm using two methods of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Approach: Measurements were performed using an in-house DRS device and a well-established frequency-domain diffuse optical spectroscopic system (DOSI). Measurements were performed in eight placentas obtained after cesarean deliveries. Placentas were perfused with normal saline to minimize the effects of absorption due to blood. Three sites per placenta were measured. Absorption and scattering coefficients were then calculated from the measured reflectance using the random walk theory for DRS and frequency-domain algorithm for DOSI. Results: Average reduced scattering coefficient (μs 0) was 0.943 AE 0.015 mm −1 at 760 nm and 0.831 AE 0.009 mm −1 at 840 nm, and a power function μs 0 ¼ 1.6619 ðλ∕500 nmÞ −1.426 was derived for the human placental scattering coefficient.

Diffuse photon remission associated with the center-illuminated–area-detection geometry. II. Approach to the time-domain model

“…Most DRS applications have been realized in the continuouswave or steady-state mode [10], which is facilitated by the costeffective broadband light sources and spectroscopic devices that do not require fast time resolution. The absence of time resolution adequate for tracing the photon transport in tissue makes the steady-state diffuse photon remission unfitted to separating the effects of absorption and scattering on the diffuse photon remission.…”