Evaluation of the Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Potential of Mainstream Whole Smoke and Smoke Condensate from a Cigarette Containing a Novel Carbon Filter

Abstract

A novel carbon filter has been developed which primarily reduces the amount of certain vapor phase constituents of tobacco smoke with greater efficiency than the charcoal filters of cigarettes currently in the market In vitro indicators of genotoxic and cytotoxic potential were used to compare the cigarette smoke condensate (particulate phase) or whole cigarette smoke (vapor phase and particulate phase) from cigarettes containing the novel carbon filter with smoke condensate or whole smoke from commercial or prototype cigarettes not containing the novel carbon filter. Ames bacterial mutagenicity, sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and neutral red cytotoxicity assays in CHO cells were utilized to assess the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of the cigarette smoke condensates. SCE and neutral red cytotoxicity assays were utilized to assess the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of the whole smoke. As expected, the novel carbon filter did not significantly affect the genotoxic or cytotoxic activity of the smoke condensate, although we did observe that the use of low-nitrogen tobacco reduced the mutagenicity of the condensate in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. However, the whole smoke from cigarettes containing the novel carbon filter demonstrated significant reductions in genotoxic and cytotoxic potential compared to cigarettes without the novel carbon filter. The toxicity of the smoke was correlated (r = 0.7662 for cytotoxicity and r -0.7562 for SCE induction) to the aggregate mass of several vapor phase components (acetone, acetaldehyde, acrolein, acrylonitrile, 1, ammonia, NO,, HCN, benzene, isoprene, and formaldehyde) in the smoke of the cigarettes utilized in this study. In conclusion, this novel carbon filter, which significantly reduced the amount of carbonyls and other volatiles in mainstream cigarette smoke, resulted in significant reductions in the genotoxic and cytotoxic activity of the smoke as measured by these assays.S 1997 Society of Toxicology.

Effect of filtration by activated charcoal on the toxicological activity of cigarette mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes

“…However, a marked reduction of the cytotoxicity of the vapor phase was noted, rendering it almost impossible to determine an EC 50 value even though a wider dose range was used compared to that used for the cellulose acetate filtered control cigarette. A similar trend was previously reported for the whole MS of a cigarette containing an AC filter with another design, an effect which was associated with the reduction of vapor phase MS constituents (Bombick et al, 1997). Almost half of the cytotoxicity of the MS vapor phase in this assay has recently been attributed to acrolein and, to a lesser degree, to formaldehyde (Tewes et al, 2003).…”

Evaluation of an air–liquid interface cell culture model for studies on the inflammatory and cytotoxic responses to tobacco smoke aerosols

“…Using this assay we demonstrated that 89% of the observed cytotoxicity of WS is derived from the VP and confirms previous results utilising WS in acute exposure models (Bombick et al, 1997;Saladino et al, 1985;Fukano et al, 2004;). WS exposure also induced an increase in the secretion of all three inflammatory mediators at all smoke doses which is in line with previous observations made with this and other cell culture systems (Phillips et al, 2005;Beisswenger et al, 2004).…”

Evaluation of cytotoxicity of different tobacco product preparations

“…However, this fraction is devoid of the gas-vapor phase constituents such as acrolein and other reactive compounds (Johnson et al, 2009). Assessment of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of exposure to whole smoke ideally is achieved by exposing cells directly to freshly generated smoke (Bombick et al, 1997). A commonly employed method to expose cells to whole smoke involves bubbling fresh smoke through aqueous media and using it as the whole smoke aqueous extract (Fukano et al, 2004;Phipps et al, 2010).…”