Evaluation of the exposure risk of SARS-CoV-2 in different hospital environment

Abstract

Highlights The exposure risk of SARS-CoV-2 in diverse environments in hospital was compared. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 in air and surfaces suggested the potential risk. It is necessary to monitor and disinfect the SARS-CoV-2 in hospital environment. Ventilation, sterilization may help to reduce the potential risk for HCWs. Different strategies were discussed in combating infectious disease.

Exploring spatiotemporal effects of the driving factors on COVID-19 incidences in the contiguous United States

“…The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan city of China, has soon become a new public health concern across the world ( Ge et al, 2020 ; Jin et al, 2020 ; Rumpler, Venkataraman, & Göransson, 2020 ; Sun & Zhai, 2020 ). The virus poses serious potential threats to the medical protection system all over the world ( European Centre for Disease Prevention & Control, 2020 ; World Health Organization, 2020 ).…”

SSDMNV2: A real time DNN-based face mask detection system using single shot multibox detector and MobileNetV2

“…Wearing a mask is essential, particularly for those people who are at a greater risk of severe illness from COVID-19 diseases. It is found that the spread of COVID-19 is mainly among people who are in immediate contact with one another (nearly about 6 feet), it can be spread by people who do not have symptoms and are unaware of the fact that they are infected ( Ge et al, 2020 ). So Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 1 recommended all people 2 years of age and older to wear a mask in public areas especially when other social distancing ( Sun & Zhai, 2020 ) measures are difficult to maintain.…”

SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review of indoor air sampling for virus detection

“…In Xiangya Hospital (H-X), Chenzhou Second People’s Hospital (H-C), and Shaoyang Central Hospital (H-S), the exposure risk to SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated by Ge et al ( 2020 ). All air samples were collected for 30 min using the NIOSH BC251 bioaerosol sampler (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) and air pumps (XR5000, SKC) at 3.5 L/min.…”

“…Rooms with viral particles in the air also presented surface contamination Chia et al ( 2020 ) 33 air samples were collected for 30 min using the NIOSH BC 251 bioaerosol sampler (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) with air pumps (XR5000, SKC) at 3.5 L/min. The NIOSH sampler segregates air sample into large (≥ 4 μm), medium (1–4 μm), and small (< 1 μm) particles 7.7% and 82.6% of samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 respiratory investigation wards and ICUs with confirmed COVID-19 patients, respectively Ge et al ( 2020 ) 28 samples were collected using 2-stage cyclone samplers (NIOSH BC 251), filter cassette containing a Teflon® filter ( D = 37 mm and 2 μm porosity), and a sampling pump (PCXR-4, SKC, Eighty-Four, PA) at a flow rate of 3.5 L/min for 315–360 min All samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 Lane et al ( 2020 ) Liquid impactors Air samples were collected in COVID-19 isolation rooms used for three patients with severe pneumonia, using a SKC BioSampler at 12.5 L/min and at 10 L/min, both for 20 min, placed 1.2 m from the floor, and at a 1-m distance from patients All samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 Ahn et al ( 2020 ) 10 air samples were collected during 1 h, using a vacuum pump at 1.5 L/min, in SKC sterile standard midget impingers at a height of 1.5–1.8 m from the floor and at a distance of 2–5 m from beds of patients with severe and critical symptoms All samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 Faridi et al ( 2020 ) Air samples were collected using a SASS 2300 wetted wall cyclone sampler (Research International, Inc., https://www.resrchintl.com ) at 300 L/min for 30 min SARS-CoV-2 was detected in air at a 4-m distance from patients Guo et al ( 2020 ) Air samples were collected using a high-volume WA 400 Portable viral aerosol sampler (Dingblue Tech, Inc.), at 400 L/min for 15 min SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 01 out of 02 air samples Jin et al ( 2020 ) Air samples were collected using the SKC impinger-type biosampler at a flow rate of 12 L/min, placed 1.5 m from the floor 02 out of 14 air samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 Kenarkoohi et al ( 2020 ) 135 air samples were collected using an impinger sampler (BIO-Capturer-6, Bioenrichment Co., Hangzhou, China), for 30 min at 80 L/min, and placed 1.0–1.5 m from the floor All samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 Li et al ( 2020 ) 26 air sam...…”