Evaluation of the Deterioration of the Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid) Structures Fabricated by a Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printer

Suzuki, Miho; Yonezawa, Asahi; Takeda, Kohei; Yamada, Akira

doi:10.3390/inventions4010021

Cited by 5 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…PLA emits ten times less potentially dangerous ultra-fine particles [52] than ABS and can withstand at least 25 kiloGray of gamma irradiation with no degradation of mechanical properties [53]. The most important disadvantages of the PLA are its relatively low softening temperature (the Vicat point is 55 °C), which makes it incompatible with elevated temperature environment, and deterioration of mechanical properties caused by hydrolysis [54], which makes it incompatible with wet environments. A turquoise PLA filament was used, produced by REC Company (Moscow, Russia).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Fabrication of Strong Parts from Poly (Lactic Acid) with a Desktop 3D Printer: A Case with Interrupted Shell

Ve¹,

Tavitov²,

Urzhumtsev³

et al. 2019

Polymers

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The ability to form closed cavities inside the part printed is an important feature of Fused Filament Fabrication technology. A typical part consists of a dense shell bearing the primary load, filled with low-density plastic scaffold (infill). Such a constitution of the part provides in most cases appropriate strength and low weight. However, if the printed part shape includes horizontal (orthogonal to printer’s Z axis) flat surfaces other than its top and bottom surface, then the shell of the part becomes interrupted, which may lead to drastic drop in the ability of the part to withstand loads. In the current study, a representative sample of a part with interrupted shell and testing apparatus is developed. Influence of shell and base thicknesses, as well as influence of the infill density on the part strength, are studied. Different approaches to the sample shape modification were applied and tested. The part shape optimization made with respect to peculiarities of Fused Filament Fabrication technology resulted in increment of the force, required to fracture the part from 483 to 1096 N and in decreased part mass from 36.9 to 30.2 g.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Fabrication of Strong Parts from Poly (Lactic Acid) with a Desktop 3D Printer: A Case with Interrupted Shell

Ve¹,

Tavitov²,

Urzhumtsev³

et al. 2019

Polymers

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“…Dong et al [12] investigated the influence of 3D printing parameters on the tensile strengths of PLA, determining that the material type is the only predominant factor for maximizing all mechanical strengths. Suzuki et al [13] evaluated the deterioration of the mechanical properties of PLA according to the direction of forces applied to FFF structures printed with different infill patterns, verifying that different tensile stress deterioration rates were obtained with pieces that had different infill patterns. In a similar direction, Rodríguez et al [14] also analyzed the influence of printing parameters in the mechanical behavior of PLA and ABS samples, obtaining the conclusion that the PLA was stiffer and had greater flexural strength than ABS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and FDM/FFF Implementation of a Compact Omnidirectional Wheel for a Mobile Robot and Assessment of ABS and PLA Printing Materials

Rubies

Palacín

2020

Robotics

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This paper proposes the design and 3D printing of a compact omnidirectional wheel optimized to create a small series of three-wheeled omnidirectional mobile robots. The omnidirectional wheel proposed is based on the use of free-rotating passive wheels aligned transversally to the center of the main wheel and with a constant separation gap. This paper compares a three inner-passive wheels design based on mass-produced parts and 3D printed elements. The inner passive wheel that better combines weight, cost, and friction is implemented with a metallic ball bearing fitted inside a 3D printed U-grooved ring that holds a soft toric joint. The proposed design has been implemented using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and tough polylactic acid (PLA) as 3D printing materials in order to empirically compare the deformation of the weakest parts of the mechanical design. The conclusion is that the most critical parts of the omnidirectional wheel are less prone to deformation and show better mechanical properties if they are printed horizontally (with the axes that hold the passive wheels oriented parallel to the build surface), with an infill density of 100% and using tough PLA rather than ABS as a 3D printing material.

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“…The mechanical properties of PLA structures processed by injection molding (IM) deteriorate by hydrolysis when exposed to moisture [5,7,[16][17][18]. Though PLA is now widely adopted as a filamentary material for fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27], few studies have examined how the mechanical properties of FFF-3D-printed PLA structures deteriorate [28,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The strength deterioration of PLA formed by IM has been evaluated by tensile tests [10,12,18,38] and flexural tests [10,39] for medical applications. While FFF-3D-printed PLA structures are becoming essential components of medical devices and environment-friendly products, the mechanical properties of 3D-printed structures so far reported have yet to form a sufficient basis for design guidelines [28,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our group previously performed uniaxial tensile tests on FFF-3D-printed PLA test pieces to evaluate how the mechanical properties deteriorated after the test pieces were immersed in saline for certain periods [28]. The tests evaluated test pieces printed using four nozzle scan patterns with interior fill percentages (IFPs) set at 100%, for comparison with data obtained on control test pieces produced by IM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deterioration of the Mechanical Properties of FFF 3D-Printed PLA Structures

Yonezawa

Yamada

2020

Inventions

Self Cite

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Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer material used for the fabrication of objects by fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing. FFF 3D printing technology has been quickly spreading over the past few years. An FFF-3D-printed object is formed from melted polymer extruded from a nozzle layer-by-layer. The mechanical properties of the object, and the changes in those properties as the object degrades, differ from the properties and changes observed in bulk objects. In this study we evaluated FFF-3D-printed objects by uniaxial tensile tests and four-point flexural tests to characterize the changes of three mechanical properties, namely, the maximum stress, elastic modulus, and breaking energy. Eight types of test pieces printed directly by an FFF 3D printer using two scan patterns and two interior fill percentages (IFPs) were tested by the aforesaid methods. The test pieces were immersed in saline and kept in an incubator at 37 °C for 30, 60, or 90 days before the mechanical testing. The changes in the mechanical properties differed largely between the test piece types. In some of the test pieces, transient increases in strength were observed before the immersion degraded the strength. Several of the test piece types were found to have superior specific strength in the tests. The results obtained in this research will be helpful for the design of PLA structures fabricated by FFF 3D printing.

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Evaluation of the Deterioration of the Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid) Structures Fabricated by a Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printer

Cited by 5 publications

References 38 publications

Design and Fabrication of Strong Parts from Poly (Lactic Acid) with a Desktop 3D Printer: A Case with Interrupted Shell

Design and Fabrication of Strong Parts from Poly (Lactic Acid) with a Desktop 3D Printer: A Case with Interrupted Shell

Design and FDM/FFF Implementation of a Compact Omnidirectional Wheel for a Mobile Robot and Assessment of ABS and PLA Printing Materials

Deterioration of the Mechanical Properties of FFF 3D-Printed PLA Structures

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