Evaluation of the Cardiovascular Effects of an Anaesthetic Protocol for Immobilization and Anaesthesia in Grey Wolves (Canis lupus L, 1758)

Valerio, Fabio; Brugnola, Luca; Rocconi, Francesca; Varasano, Vincenzo; Civitella, Carla; Guglielmini, Carlo

doi:10.1007/s11259-005-0070-9

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…It is widely used as a first-line sedative for animals with heart disease owing to its wide therapeutic window, lack of significant cardiovascular effects and relatively short duration. 32 Although butorphanol has been used in a number of published sedation protocols for feline echocardiography, 8,9,18,33,34 to our knowledge, no studies have specifically evaluated the effects of butorphanol on echocardiographic variables. In our experience, butorphanol alone does not induce sufficient sedation in many healthy cats undergoing echocardiography.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5] Common sedative choices in cats include opioids, such as butorphanol or buprenorphine; phenothiazine neuroleptics, such as acepromazine; and dissociative anesthetics, such as ketamine. Although acepromazine [6][7][8][9][10] and ketamine 2,4,[10][11][12] have been widely utilized as sedatives to facilitate echocardiography in dogs and cats, their effects on echocardiographic variables have been poorly documented. [1][2][3]13,14 Moreover, the majority of previous studies have investigated only two-dimensional echocardiography (2-DE) and motionmode (M-mode) variables of left ventricular (LV) size and systolic function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of sedation on echocardiographic variables of left atrial and left ventricular function in healthy cats

Ward

Schober

Fuentes

et al. 2012

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Although sedation is frequently used to facilitate patient compliance in feline echocardiography, the effects of sedative drugs on echocardiographic variables have been poorly documented. This study investigated the effects of two sedation protocols on echocardiographic indices in healthy cats, with special emphasis on the assessment of left atrial size and function, as well as left ventricular diastolic performance. Seven cats underwent echocardiography (transthoracic two-dimensional, spectral Doppler, color flow Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging) before and after sedation with both acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg IM) and butorphanol (0.25 mg/kg IM), or acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg IM), butorphanol (0.25 mg/kg IM) and ketamine (1.5 mg/kg IV). Heart rate increased significantly following acepromazine/butorphanol/ketamine (mean±SD of increase, 40±26 beats/min) and non-invasive systolic blood pressure decreased significantly following acepromazine/butorphanol (mean±SD of decrease, 12±19 mmHg). The majority of echocardiographic variables were not significantly different after sedation compared with baseline values. Both sedation protocols resulted in mildly decreased left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and mildly increased left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness. This study therefore failed to demonstrate clinically meaningful effects of these sedation protocols on echocardiographic measurements, suggesting that sedation with acepromazine, butorphanol and/or ketamine can be used to facilitate echocardiography in healthy cats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of sedation on echocardiographic variables of left atrial and left ventricular function in healthy cats

Ward

Schober

Fuentes

et al. 2012

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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“…The effectiveness of diverse combinations of sedatives and anaesthetics, including α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists, is well documented and considered safe for wolf immobilisation. [58][59][60][61] Interestingly, α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists were administered to most veterinary patients, particularly in large felids, in which hyperkalaemia was reported. 8,[11][12][13][14]17 Medetomidine inhibits endogenous insulin, cortisol and catecholamine release.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unanticipated hyperkalaemia and associated perioperative complications in three captive grey wolves (Canis lupus) undergoing general anaesthesia

Mattaliano

Heberlein

Benedetti

2023

Vet Record Case Reports

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Intraoperative hyperkalaemia has been described in dogs, cats, non‐domestic felids and in a calf. This case series reports the occurrence and associated complications in three captive‐held grey wolves anaesthetised for root canal treatment. Severe bradyarrhythmia associated with hypotension was detected in two cases before hyperkalaemia was confirmed. These also presented with signs compatible with malignant hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis. In the third wolf, regular arterial blood gas analysis revealed a progressive increase in plasma potassium exceeding reference values 240 min after premedication. Hyperkalaemia was treated symptomatically with standard protocols, and the recovery was uneventful in all three wolves. The cause of hyperkalaemia in the described cases remains unknown and is most likely multifactorial. Prolonged recumbency, long anaesthetic duration and the administration of α2‐adrenoceptor agonists are potential influencing factors. Additionally, malignant hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, acidaemia and drug effects are discussed for their potential of causing the described intraoperative hyperkalaemia.

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Canids

Larsen¹,

Kreeger²

2007

Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia

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Evaluation of the Cardiovascular Effects of an Anaesthetic Protocol for Immobilization and Anaesthesia in Grey Wolves (Canis lupus L, 1758)

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Effects of sedation on echocardiographic variables of left atrial and left ventricular function in healthy cats

Effects of sedation on echocardiographic variables of left atrial and left ventricular function in healthy cats

Unanticipated hyperkalaemia and associated perioperative complications in three captive grey wolves (Canis lupus) undergoing general anaesthesia

Canids

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