Evaluation of Scale Inhibitors in Marcellus High-Iron Waters

Dong, Song; Shcolnik, David; Perkins, Randall; Taylor, Graeme K.; Brown, Malcolm

doi:10.2118/141145-pa

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Other species are formed at various pHs: HSO4 -, H + and SO4 2-. The problem is further complicated by the presence of metal ions like Fe and Al etc which can have a further negative impact on scale inhibitor performance 5,6 . The sulphuric acid molecule has two Hydrogen atoms (protons) and can therefore donate one proton to form HSO4or both of them to form SO4 2-.…”

Section: Dissociation Of Sulphate and Bi-sulphate At Low Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of membranes is increasingly being adopted for treatment of these waters, however, there is potential for rapid fouling and scaling if the right antisclants are not used to prevent crystallization. Furthermore, the scaling problem is complicated by the presence of metal ions like Fe and Al and impurities which may render the traditional antiscalant to become ineffective 5,6 . A series of experiments were performed to assess calcium sulphate scale formation and inhibition in the presence of metals at low pH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Controlling Calcium Sulphate Scale Formation In Acid Mine Waters

Fazel¹,

Chesters²,

Gibson³

2019

Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering

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Membrane technologies are capable of treating mine waste waters to produce clean permeate water for reuse and a concentrate stream that can be used for valuable metals recovery. Reverse Osmosis (RO), Nano-filtration (NF) and Ultra-filtration (UF) technology is increasingly being adopted. In precious metal mines, waste water can be concentrated using membrane plant so additional metals can be recovered from barren liquor. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is increasingly treated and then reused or sent off site as a valuable resource for domestic and agricultural use. The use of membrane technology is hampered by the potential for rapid membrane fouling and calcium sulphate (gypsum) scale deposition. The authors have embarked on research project to investigate calcium sulphate scale formation in acidic pH and in the presence of a variety of soluble metals. New antiscalant chemistry for preventing sulphate scale formation in acidic conditions with metals have been investigated and the results are presented.A series of experiments were performed to assess calcium sulphate scale formation and inhibition in the presence of metals at low pH. The dissociation of sulphate and bi-sulphate ions at low pH was investigated, followed by Threshold jar tests to screen water chemistries at different conditions and finally using actual membrane coupons with a Flat Sheet Test rig to assess membrane performance and scaling inhibition.

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Section: Dissociation Of Sulphate and Bi-sulphate At Low Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling Calcium Sulphate Scale Formation In Acid Mine Waters

Fazel¹,

Chesters²,

Gibson³

2019

Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering

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“…Scale inhibitors have been applied successfully to prevent the formation of different scales where they act either as chelating agents to form a soluble complex, as threshold inhibitors, which block the development of the supercritical nuclei or as retarders of the growth of the scale crystals (Raju 2009, Amjad 1994, Shen et al 2012, Kan et al 2009). Various calcium sulfate scale inhibitor classes were used to mitigate the calcium sulfate precipitation: poly phosphates, organophosphorus compounds, and polymeric inhibitors.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, have limited applications in oilfield industry and they are mainly used in boiler water treatments at low calcium concentrations(Fan et al 2010, Farooqui 2014, Shen et al 2012,Kan et al 2009). Another type of calcium sulfate scale inhibitors is organophosphorus compounds.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer-Based Scale Inhibitors for Seawater Injection Operations in High-Salinity Formation Water Reservoirs

Obied

AlKhaldi

Mubarak

et al. 2015

Day 1 Mon, November 09, 2015

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Water flooding using seawater is a major oil filed operation implemented in different carbonate and sandstone reservoirs to maintain reservoir pressure and enhance oil recovery. However, due to the high sulfate content in the injected seawater, significant calcium, barium and strontium sulfate scale deposition can occur and cause severe formation damage. Typically, scale inhibitors are applied in the field to prevent the formation of calcium sulfate scale where they act either as chelating agents to form a soluble complex, as threshold inhibitors, which block the development of the supercritical nuclei or as retarders of the growth of the calcium sulfate crystals. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of scale inhibitors to prevent the formation of calcium sulfate scale during the injection of seawater into high-salinity bearing carbonate reservoirs.Jar testing and SoftPitzer TM software were used to investigate the calcium sulfate precipitation due to the mixing of high calcium-content (37,000 mg/L) formation water and high sulfate-content (4,000 mg/L) seawater. This investigation was conducted on different mixtures of formation water and seawater at reservoir temperature of 155°F. Different types of scale inhibitors were tested to prevent the scaling of calcium sulfate in mixtures of seawater and formation water. The compatibility of these scale inhibitors with calcium ions present in formation water and also their effectiveness in preventing CaSO4 scaling were investigated using bottle testing. In addition, coreflood experiments were conducted to determine the adsorption behavior of these inhibitors in carbonate rocks.Results showed that the application of two scale inhibitors (Acrylic homopolymer-based) can successfully mitigate calcium sulfate scale formation in seawater/formation water mixtures up to 155°F. Each one of these two scale inhibitors has its own effective minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). In addition to these results, the paper provides insights into the adsorption behavior of these inhibitors in carbonate rocks and how this affects their performance.

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“…adopted citrate to sequestrate iron and found that the presence of citrate could significantly improve inhibitor performance. These authors attributed the reason to be the prevention of the formation of iron carbonate seed particles, which can promote scale crystal growth in the brine …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Evaluation and Mechanistic Understanding of the Impact of Ferric Species on Oilfield Scale Inhibitor Performance

Zhang¹,

Zhang

et al. 2018

Energy Fuels

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Scale inhibitor chemicals are widely used in oilfield operations for mineral scale control. However, the presence of iron species in oilfield produced water can considerably impair the performance of scale inhibitors. To date, few studies have been conducted to experimentally investigate the mechanism of iron effect on scale inhibitors. Although Fe(II) is the major form of iron species in oilfield produced water, Fe(III) can be formed in produced waters due to oxidation of Fe(II). In this study, Fe(III) effect on various scale inhibitors was evaluated by examining the inhibitor performance to control barium sulfate (barite) scale formation. This study finds that Fe(III) can significantly impair the performance of both phosphonate and polymeric inhibitors with an iron concentration below 1 mg L–1. Moreover, the mechanism of the influence of Fe(III) on scale inhibitors was studied by investigating the adsorption capacity of ferric hydroxide solid of phosphonate scale inhibitor and also examining the efficacy of the unadsorbed inhibitor in aqueous solution. It can be concluded that the Fe(III) impact on phosphonate inhibitor is due to the adsorption of inhibitor to the surface of ferric hydroxide solids. Furthermore, two common chelating chemicals (EDTA and citrate) were tested for their effects in reversing the adverse impact of Fe(III) on scale inhibitor. Experimental results suggest that citrate is more effective than EDTA in reversing the detrimental impact of Fe(III) despite the fact the EDTA is a stronger chelating agent. The mechanisms of these two chelating chemicals in terms of interacting with Fe(III) were discussed and compared. This study provides the theoretical basis and technical insights for oilfield iron control to minimize iron impairment on scale inhibitor performance.

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Evaluation of Scale Inhibitors in Marcellus High-Iron Waters

Cited by 23 publications

References 10 publications

Controlling Calcium Sulphate Scale Formation In Acid Mine Waters

Controlling Calcium Sulphate Scale Formation In Acid Mine Waters

Polymer-Based Scale Inhibitors for Seawater Injection Operations in High-Salinity Formation Water Reservoirs

Laboratory Evaluation and Mechanistic Understanding of the Impact of Ferric Species on Oilfield Scale Inhibitor Performance

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