Evaluation of renal and hepatic functions in cattle with subclinical and clinical ketosis

Abstract

Introduction Ketosis is a disease leading to economic losses because of its treatment costs and the decrease in milk yield and fertility (1-3). It is a subacute and chronic carbohydrate metabolism disorder caused by a negative energy balance as a result of a failure to meet the growing energy need in the first months of lactation in highly productive dairy cows. It is characterized by the consumption of liver glycogens and other glucose reserves, a decrease in glyconeogenetic activity, fatty degeneration in the liver, hypoglycemia, ketonemia, ketonuria, ketolactia, and an increase in ketone bodies in the respiratory air (1-4). Ketosis arises primarily from insufficient intake of appropriate feeds or secondarily from the prevention of feed intake due to other diseases, including retentio secundunarium, metritis, mastitis, traumatic reticuloperitonitis, and left displaced abomasum (1-3). It can also be classified as subclinical or clinical according to the existence of clinical symptoms and the levels of ketone bodies in the blood, urine, and milk (3). Its clinical form has digestive and nervous presentations (2). Gul and Grunder (5) reported increases in bilirubin, aspartate amino transaminase (AST), and serum bile acids due to liver degeneration in dairy cows with ketosis. It was reported by Li et al. (6) that renal functions were slightly disrupted in dairy cows with subclinical ketosis and new studies were needed to explore the extent of this disruption. The purpose of the present study was to research the changes in renal and hepatic functions of highly productive dairy cows diagnosed with subclinical and clinical ketosis. 2. Materials and methods The study involved 30 high milk yielding dairy cows aged between 3 and 7 years. The breeds Brown Swiss (5 heads), Holstein (18 heads), and Simmental (4 heads), and their crossbreeds (3 heads) were represented. The diagnosis of ketosis was based on anamnesis, physical examination, the determination of ketone bodies in the urine, and serum β-hydroxybutyric acid. The animals were divided according to their serum β-hydroxybutyric acid levels into control, subclinical, and clinical ketosis groups, each of which included 10 cows. The cows in the control and subclinical ketosis groups were from various facilities in Elazığ's central district, while those in the clinical ketosis group were selected from animals admitted to the clinics

Identifying poor metabolic adaptation during early lactation in dairy cows using cluster analysis

“…This finding was surprising and could be caused by several factors, including large individual variation among cows, differences in time between feeding and sampling, and differences in nutrition. The most likely reason for the lack of detectable difference in rumen contractions among clusters is short intervals of measurements of 2 min as described by Dirksen (1979) versus 5 min used by Issi et al (2016) used when describing a significant difference in rumen contractions. Reduced milk production was not significantly associated with PMAS classifications in our study, although it was an expected indication of PMAS (Ghanem et al, 2016).…”

“…The indications for poor metabolic adaptation to negative energy balance (NEB) during early lactation are secondary to the high energy demands of milk production and a concurrent decrease in DMI that is independent of milk production demands (Baird, 1982). Expected indications of PMAS include elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin, decreased rumen fill, reduced rumen contractions, and a decrease in milk production (Ghanem et al, 2016;Issi et al, 2016;Cao et al, 2017). Cows with PMAS typically are higher producing, older cows that are earlier in lactation and have greater BCS at the start of lactation (Baird, 1982;Rukkwamsuk et al, 1999;Andrews et al, 2004;Ghanem et al, 2016).…”

Effects of prepartum treatment with monensin or propylene glycol mixed with concentrate on milk yield and blood NEFA and BHBA levels in dairy cows

“…High energy and protein demands required for milk synthesis are fulfilled by mobilization of body reserves. Excessive mobilization of stored body fat reserves could result in the emergence of postpartum metabolic diseases, such as ketosis and fatty liver disease, which are associated with decreased milk yield and high herd removal rates (1)(2)(3). As elevated blood ketone bodies are also related with decreased neutrophil function, ketotic animals are prone to suffer from postpartum infectious diseases such as mastitis and metritis (4,5).…”

Efecto de la suplementación con ensilaje de cáscara de naranja (Citrus sinensis L) sobre algunos parámetros metabólicos en vacas de leche

“…En este estudio los valores de creatinina (0.98 y 1.01 para el grupo tratado y el grupo control, respectivamente), estuvieron dentro de los rangos de referencia (Reist et al, 2002). Los niveles de creatinina si bien son indicativos de la función renal (Issi et al, 2016), también se sabe que disminuyen en animales de bajo peso y que aumentan cuando por alguna razón, se desencadena el catabolismo proteico en el animal (Issi et al, 2016), lo que indica que los animales de este estudio mantuvieron su balance de nitrógeno dentro de lo normal.…”

“…La alta actividad del aspartato aminotransferasa (AST) y de la gamma glutamiltransferasa (GGT), se asocian con el síndrome de hígado graso, disminución del apetito o cetosis en lactancia temprana (Steen, 2001;Stojeviae et al, 2005). Todos los animales de este estudio presentaron concentraciones aumentadas de AST y ALT respecto a los valores normales (Villa et al, 1999;Campos et al, 2007;Issi et al, 2016); sin embargo, no se observaron signos de enfermedad. Por otro lado, los valores de las hormonas tiroideas se mantuvieron dentro de los valores normales para la especie (Osorio et al, 2014; Djokovic et al, 2010), lo cual indica no solo el adecuado funcionamiento del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-tiroides, sino además, el balance metabólico que mantuvieron los animales durante la época de verano.…”