Evaluation of productivity and quality of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spelt (Triticum spelta L.) in relation to nutrition conditions

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted at the Joniškėlis Experimental Station of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry during [2009][2010][2011][2012]. The study was aimed to explore the effects of the ecological fertilizer Ekoplant and the bio-activators Biokal 01 and Terra Sorb Foliar on the formation of the productivity elements, grain yield and quality of spelt (Triticum spelta L.) cv. 'Franckenkorn' and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. 'Toras' in an organic cropping system on an clay loam Endocalcari-Endohypogleyic Cambisol (CMg-n-wcan). The weather conditions, especially those during crop wintering, differed between years and this affected the grain yield of both winter wheat species and resulted in different fertilizer efficacy. In 2010 and 2012, the winter wheat crops overwintered well and the yield of common wheat was by 27.6% and 30.1%, respectively higher than that of spelt. In 2011, due to the contrasting winter conditions with a spell of unusually high temperatures in January followed by a sharp drop of temperature to −25°C the crop of common wheat thinned out more than spelt, which resulted in a significantly lower common wheat grain yield. In 2010 and 2011, the application of ecological fertilizer Ekoplant as well as in combination with Biokal 01 and Terra Sorb Foliar led to an increase in the values of biometric indicators, i.e. stem mass, ear length and mass, grain number per ear significantly increased having used Ekoplant fertilizer in combination with Terra Sorb Foliar. However, in 2012, Biokal 01 exerted the most marked positive effect on the biometric indicators of wheat. The highest yield increase for both wheat species was observed when Ekoplant fertilizer had been used in combination with the bio-activator Biokal 01. The Ekoplant fertilizer as well as in combination with the bio-activator Biokal 01 did not have any significant effect on grain quality indicators, while the bio-activator Biokal 01 increased the protein and gluten content by 2.2% and 3.4%, respectively.

Reaction of winter spelt cultivars to reduced tillage system and chemical plant protection

“…In the research by Jablonskytė- Raščė et al (2013), the spelt ear length in cv. 'Frankenkorn' ranged from 7.6 to 14.2 cm, depending on foliar fertilizers used.…”

“…Compared to common wheat, it contains more protein, gluten and fat, but less fibre. Moreover, it contains substances with the antioxidant properties (Kohajdová, Karovičová, 2008;Gawlik-Dziki et al, 2012;Jablonskytė-Raščė et al, 2013;Kraska et al, 2013).…”

Biologically active phenolic compounds in buckwheat, oats and winter spelt wheat

“…Moreover, they are major sources of dietary fibre in human diet, since practically the whole grain is used for food -bran and embryos are rarely removed (Skoglund, 2008). The research evidenced that spelt wheat produced 10% fewer productive stems compared with common wheat but the average values of protein and gluten for spelt wheat were higher than those for common wheat (Jablonskytė-Raščė et al, 2013).…”

Evaluación de la calidad funcional y sensorial en cultivares de Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare y ssp. spelta en cultivo ecológico

“…Valorando los resultados de las cinco muestras en conjunto, los valores para el peso de mil semillas, fueron más elevados en 'Craklin' y en los dos espeltas, y superiores a los encontrados por otros autores (Wilson et al, 2008;Mikos et al, 2012;Jankovic et al, 2015). Glamoclija et al (2013) También la variabilidad en el contenido en proteína intra-especies puede ser explicada por las diferentes condiciones de cultivo (ambiente y fertilización nitrogenada) y/o el potencial genético (Gómez-Becerra et al, 2010; Escarnot et al, 2012;Filipčev et al, 2013), pero son varios los autores que han comprobado un elevado contenido en los genotipos de espelta analizados (Abdel-Aal et al, 1997;Bonafaccia et al, 2000;Zanetti et al, 2001;Pruska-Kedzior et al, 2008; Kohajdová y Karovičová, 2009;Gómez-Becerra et al, 2010;Pasqualone et al, 2011; Escarnot et al, 2012;Filipčev et al, 2013;Jablonskytė Raščė et al, 2013). En este estudio, los dos espelta mostraron valores intermedios en el intervalo de los Rodríguez-Quijano et al, 1990;Caballero et al, 2001) y colecciones de espeltas europeos (Yan et al, 2003;An et al, 2005) se encontraron altas frecuencias de esta subunidad (en torno al 85 %).…”

“…También la variabilidad en el contenido en proteína intra-especies puede ser explicada por las diferentes condiciones de cultivo (ambiente y fertilización nitrogenada) y/o el potencial genético (Gómez-Becerra et al, 2010;Escarnot et al, 2012;Filipčev et al, 2013), pero son varios los autores que han comprobado un elevado contenido en los genotipos de espelta analizados (Abdel-Aal et al, 1997;Bonafaccia et al, 2000;Zanetti et al, 2001;Pruska-Kedzior et al, 2008;Kohajdová y Karovičová, 2009;Gómez-Becerra et al, 2010;Pasqualone et al, 2011;Escarnot et al, 2012;Filipčev et al, 2013;Jablonskytė Raščė et al, 2013). En este estudio, los dos espelta mostraron valores intermedios en el intervalo de los Discusión resultados globales de los cinco cultivares, teniendo el trigo 'Espelta Navarra' un valor más elevado que el 'Espelta Álava'.…”