Evaluation of Power-Based Stair Climb Performance via Inertial Measurement Units

Unobtrusive Sensors for the Assessment of Older Adult’s Frailty: A Scoping Review

“…These phenomena have been measured transparently in many studies (16%, 9%, and 22%, respectively), and so have been mobility patterns (4%), stair climbing (3%), heart rate (1%), and arm movements (1%). All the studies relying on activity patterns (15 studies), mobility patterns (three studies), stair climbing (two studies), heart rate (one study), and arm movements (one study) involved transparent activities and did not involve any non-transparent activities [ 64 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 ]. Together, they represent 29% of all the studies.…”

“…One of the studies on activity level [ 98 ] and the study on heart rate [ 110 ] monitored the participants while they traveled across a circuit of different daily activities in the lab. The sensors in both studies on stair climbing were tested in controlled conditions without an algorithm for the automatic detection of stairs [ 64 , 109 ]. Finally, arm movements were monitored during the execution of a predefined procedure while buying a 1 kg package of salt in a supermarket [ 111 ].…”

“…Studies on mobility measured parameters such as the number of transitions between different rooms, the time spent in each room, and some other features derived from them [ 106 , 107 , 108 ]. Studies on stair climbing measured average power and peak power [ 64 , 109 ]. The study on heart rate measured heart rate variability quantified with the triangular index [ 110 ].…”

“…However, while only two of the 10 studies with waist-mounted IMUs used simulated transparent activities, five of the nine studies on chest-mounted IMUs did. Finally, only five studies involving an IMU on the lower back involved transparent activities [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 72 , 109 ], which represent around a third of all studies with a lower-back-mounted IMU (five out of 14). Some ubiquitous ambient sensors have been used only for non-transparent activities, in particular, distance sensors on furniture/walls [ 57 , 62 , 67 , 77 ], load sensors in furniture [ 57 , 62 , 64 , 77 ], pressure sensors in furniture [ 58 , 70 , 77 , 83 ], and an app in a tablet [ 77 ].…”

“…The length of the experimental stage varies across different types of sensors. Participants are usually requested to wear body-worn sensors (either wearable and on-body) for around seven days, regardless of the selected phenomenon (STS transitions [ 55 ], climbing stairs [ 109 ], or gait and activity [ 72 , 73 , 74 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 95 , 96 ]). In this last case, the records might be included for analysis if they contain data for five days.…”