Evaluation of pot-chlorination of wells during a cholera outbreak, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, 2008

Cavallaro, Elizabeth; Harris, Julie; Goia, Mauricio Serafim da; Barrado, Jean Carlos dos Santos; Nóbrega, Aglaêr Alves da; de, Inácio de Alvarenga Carvalho; Silva, Augusto Paulo; Sobel, Jeremy; Mintz, Eric D.

doi:10.2166/wh.2011.122

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Pero muy pronto otras complicaciones de las zonas densamente pobladas, como la creciente cantidad de residuos, aguas residuales y otros tipos de contaminación, se convirtieron también en factores peligrosos sobre el agua potable [37]. Además de los problemas de higiene causados por los residuos insalubres el rápido desarrollo de la industria, especialmente el desarrollo de la industria química, ha dado lugar a una contaminación permanente de todos los tipos de sistemas de agua naturales, que no sólo se observa en los países altamente industrializados sino en todos los lugares del planeta; incluso se ha encontrado que la nieve y el hielo del Ártico y la Antártida, contienen contaminantes biológicos y químicos que se derivan principalmente de los países industrializados del hemisferio norte [47][48][49].…”

Section: Enfermedades Transmitidas Por El Aguaunclassified

Patógenos e indicadores microbiológicos de calidad del agua para consumo humano

Ríos-Tobón

Agudelo-Cadavid

Gutiérrez-Builes

2017

Rev. Fac. Nac. Salud Pública

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ResumenLas mejoras en el suministro de agua son oportunidades para solucionar problemas de Salud Pública. De ahí la importancia de establecer modelos de evaluación y gestión integral que garanticen su calidad. Actualmente hay múltiples metodologías para detectar la contaminación microbiana del agua. Sin embargo, los elevados costos que representan, los tiempos de análisis y aislamiento en cultivo de microorganismos, han sido obstáculo para establecer la calidad microbiana del agua para consumo humano. El uso de microorganismos bioindicadores de calidad del agua disminuye los costos y facilita la implementación de medidas eficientes de tratamiento, control del agua y de enfermedades asociadas a su transmisión. El objetivo de la revisión fue describir los principales indicadores microbiológicos empleados para la evaluación del agua potable, como elementos clave para proponer un nuevo esquema de monitoreo en Colombia. Los resultados permiten considerar como bioindicadores, además de las bacterias y protozoos establecidos en la norma, algunos agentes microbianos como virus u otras bacterias y parásitos. Por otro lado indican la necesidad de establecer valores de referencia y definir los microorganismos a emplear con base en evaluaciones específicas de la situación microbiana del agua en monitoreos de validación, operación y verificación. Esta revisión aporta información importante para la actualización de la norma colombiana con base en el conocimiento de estándares internacionales, nacionales y locales.----------Palabras clave: calidad del agua, agua potable, contaminación del agua, enfermedades relacionadas con el agua, indicadores de contaminación Revisión de tema

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Section: Enfermedades Transmitidas Por El Aguaunclassified

Patógenos e indicadores microbiológicos de calidad del agua para consumo humano

Ríos-Tobón

Agudelo-Cadavid

Gutiérrez-Builes

2017

Rev. Fac. Nac. Salud Pública

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“…Pot chlorination in Mogadishu and Cameroon did not report spikes, but also did not detail the timeframe for FCR levels. A small 1.5L pot chlorinator had limited success in Guinea-Bissau with 73% of wells maintaining FCR for 24 hours and 31% for three days or more (Cavallaro et al 2011). Pot chlorination was successful in providing consistent FCR for three days in Cameroon (Guevart et al 2008).…”

Section: Well Disinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term WASH interventions in emergency response: a systematic review

Yates¹,

Allen²,

Joseph³

et al. 2017

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The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) is an international grant-making NGO promoting evidence-informed development policies and programmes. We are the global leader in funding, producing and synthesising high-quality evidence of what works, for whom, why and at what cost. We believe that better and policy-relevant evidence will help make development more effective and improve people's lives. 3ie systematic reviews 3ie systematic reviews appraise and synthesise the available high-quality evidence on the effectiveness of social and economic development interventions in low-and middleincome countries. These reviews follow scientifically recognised review methods, and are peer-reviewed and quality assured according to internationally accepted standards. 3ie is providing leadership in demonstrating rigorous and innovative review methodologies, such as using theory-based approaches suited to inform policy and programming in the dynamic contexts and challenges of low-and middle-income countries.

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“…Pot chlorination in Somalia and Cameroon did not report spikes, but also did not detail the time frame for FCR levels. A small 1.5L pot chlorinator had limited success in Guinea-Bissau with 73 percent of wells maintaining FCR for 24 hours, and 31 percent for three days or more (Cavallaro et al, 2011). Pot chlorination was successful in providing consistent FCR for three days in Cameroon (Guevart et al, 2008), which is similar to results seen in a pot chlorination intervention in Angola that was not outbreak related and not included in the review, but did reduce microbiological contamination in wells (Godfrey et al, 2003).…”

Section: Well Disinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Reduced transmission risk -More common than disease reduction evaluations, interventions that evaluate the risk of transmission included: well disinfection Libessart and Hammache, 2000;Garandeau et al, 2006;Guevart et al, 2008;Cavallaro et al, 2011), chlorine dispensers (Yates, Armitage, et al, 2015), HWT (liquid chlorine (Mong et al, 2001;Dunston et al, 2001;Lantagne and Clasen, 2012;ACF 2014b), chlorine tablets (Imanishi et al, 2014;Lantagne and Clasen, 2012;ACF, 2009;Tokplo, 2015;ACF, 2014a) and flocculant/disinfectants (Doocy and Burnham, 2006;Lantagne and Clasen, 2012;ACF 2014a)). Environmental hygiene interventions using chlorine to clean jerry cans also reduced short-term transmission risk Walden et al, 2005;Roberts et al, 2001).…”

Section: Objective 1: Wash Interventions That Reduce the Disease Burdmentioning

confidence: 99%

WASH Interventions in Disease Outbreak Response

Yates¹,

Allen²,

Joseph³

et al. 2017

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. We would also like to thank Karin Gallandat for assistance in processing the French evaluations and Karen Vagts, a Tufts University librarian, for helping with the search strategy. Finally, we would like to thank the organizations and individuals who contributed grey literature documents that were critical to this review. Action Contre la Faim and Oxfam, in particular, made significant contributions to advance this review. Series editorsThe report forms part of a series of humanitarian evidence syntheses and systematic reviews covering child protection, market support, mental health, nutrition, pastoralist livelihoods, shelter, urban contexts and water, sanitation and hygiene.The reports and corresponding protocols (methodology) can be found at: https://www.gov.uk/dfid-research-outputs  http://fic.tufts.edu/research-item/the-humanitarian-evidence-program/  http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/our-work/humanitarian/humanitarian-evidenceprogrammeThe series editors are: Roxanne Krystalli, Eleanor Ott and Lisa Walmsley. Photo creditAs part of Oxfam's cholera response in Juba, South Sudan, teams of public health volunteers have been teaching affected communities about the importance of keeping themselves and their environment clean. May 2014. Kieran Doherty/Oxfam. © Copyright Oxfam GB 2017This publication is subject to copyright but the text may be used free of charge for the purposes of advocacy, campaigning, education and research, provided that the source is acknowledged in full. The copyright holder requests that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, permission must be secured and a fee may be charged. WASH interventions are commonly implemented as part of emergency response activities (i.e. in response to disease outbreaks) in LMICs. WASH interventions are provided to large populations to reduce the risk of disease transmission in a variety of settings. This synthesis focuses on WASH interventions targeted at populations affected by cholera, Ebola virus disease (hereafter 'Ebola'), hepatitis E, hepatitis A, typhoid, acute watery diarrhoea and bacillary shigellosis (dysentery).The review focuses on the following 10 WASH interventions:  the occurrence of disease in excess of the normal baseline (two times the baseline) or a sudden spike in cases (two times the incidence of new cases) a single case of a communicable disease long absent from a population, or caused by a pathogen not previously recognized in that community or area  emergence of a previously unknown disease  a single case of particular diseases of interest (cholera, Ebola and hepatitis E).The evidence synthesis aims to: verify the quality of existing evidence relating to WASH interventions in humanitarian settings  help researchers identify the strengths and weaknesses of this evidence, and thus to recognize potential improvements and opportunities for future research  assist practitioners and policy m...

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Evaluation of pot-chlorination of wells during a cholera outbreak, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, 2008

Cited by 23 publications

References 9 publications

Patógenos e indicadores microbiológicos de calidad del agua para consumo humano

Patógenos e indicadores microbiológicos de calidad del agua para consumo humano

Short-term WASH interventions in emergency response: a systematic review

WASH Interventions in Disease Outbreak Response

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