Evaluation of Poly(<i>o</i>‐phenylenediamine) Films for Application as Insulating Layers upon Carbon Substrates for Use within Sonochemically Fabricated Microelectrode Arrays

Gornall, Davinia D.; Collyer, Stuart D.; Higson, Séamus P.J.

doi:10.1002/elan.200900392

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…These are then subjected to sonochemical ablation producing a random ensemble of microelectrodes, albeit with a large size distribution, 4 which are also irregularly shaped and distorted which is likely to hamper the reproducibility between sensors from the same batch. 9,10 Another approach is the screen printing of a carbon layer onto which an inert material is placed, which is laser ablated to produce micron sized holes which expose the underlying screen printed carbon surface. 11 However, problems may be encountered between sealing the patterned material to the carbon layer leading to leakages of the solution media resulting in loss of microelectrode behaviour and giving irreproducible results within and between batches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroanalytical properties of screen printed shallow recessed electrodes

et al. 2012

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We report the fabrication of novel carbon based screen printed disc-shaped recessed electrodes (250 mm radius) which are electrochemically characterised and contrasted to other screen printed sensors previously reported upon within the literature. In these circumstances, the electrode is fabricated entirely through screen printing and the electrode geometry is defined by the dielectric (inert polymer) producing shallow recessed electrodes. In comparison to co-planar carbon screen printed electrodes, the shallow recessed screen printed electrodes exhibit a greater current density over the former. The potential electroanalytical applications of these carbon based disc-shaped shallow recessed electrodes are explored through the sensing of NADH and nitrite exhibiting analytically relevant limits of detection (3s) of 5.2 and 7.28 mM respectively. Additionally, the electroanalytical sensing of nitrite is further trialled in a canal water sample demonstrating the robust nature of the sensors analytical performance. Furthermore we explore the potential improvement of the shallow recessed electrodes through the fabrication of pentagon-shaped carbon based shallow recessed electrodes, which are compared and contrasted with shallow recessed disc electrodes towards the electroanalytical sensing of manganese(II); we believe this to be the first example of such an electrode geometry. In comparison of the observed current density the disc-shaped shallow recessed electrode offers greater sensitivity over co-planar screen printed electrode, whilst in addition to this, a pentagon-shaped recessed electrode offers improved sensitivity over even that of the disc-shaped shallow recessed screen printed electrode. The ultra-low nM sensing of manganese(II) is shown to be possible at both the disc and pentagon shallow recessed electrodes exhibiting limits of detection (3s) found to correspond to 63 and 36 nM respectively. Both the disc and pentagon-shaped shallow recessed screen printed electrodes are determined to offer greater analytical sensitivity as determined within this study and in comparison with previous literature using graphitic electrodes. The fabrication methodology of the shallow recessed electrodes is shown to be generic in nature such that the underlying carbon layer, which defines the composition of the shallow recessed working electrode, can be replaced with electrocatalytic surfaces. We demonstrate this with the fabrication of platinum disc-shaped shallow recessed screen printed electrodes, which are electrochemically characterised and explored towards the sensing of hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide displaying limits of detection (3s) of 26.3 and 44.3 mM respectively, which are found to be analytically useful.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroanalytical properties of screen printed shallow recessed electrodes

et al. 2012

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“…Polyaniline is one of the most studied CPs due to its chemical stability and relative high conductivity [2] and, at the same time, polymers based on aniline derivatives have also been widely investigated [3] . Among them, poly(phenylenediamine) (PPD) homopolymer is a highly aromatic polymer containing 2,3-diaminophenazine or quinoraline repeating unit and exhibiting high thermostability and has found important applications in sensor designing, immunospecies detection, and as component of rechargeable cells etc [4] – [13] . PPD is usually prepared by electrochemical [14] and chemical oxidation polymerization [15] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(m-Phenylenediamine) Nanospheres and Nanorods: Selective Synthesis and Their Application for Multiplex Nucleic Acid Detection

Zhang

Luo

et al. 2011

PLoS ONE

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In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time that poly(m-phenylenediamine) (PMPD) nanospheres and nanorods can be selectively synthesized via chemical oxidation polymerization of m-phenylenediamine (MPD) monomers using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an oxidant at room temperature. It suggests that the pH value plays a critical role in controlling the the morphology of the nanostructures and fast polymerization rate favors the anisotropic growth of PMPD under homogeneous nucleation condition. We further demonstrate that such PMPD nanostructures can be used as an effective fluorescent sensing platform for multiplex nucleic acid detection. A detection limit as low as 50 pM and a high selectivity down to single-base mismatch could be achieved. The fluorescence quenching is attributed to photoinduced electron transfer from nitrogen atom in PMPD to excited fluorophore. Most importantly, the successful use of this sensing platform in human blood serum system is also demonstrated.

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“…These are then subjected to sonochemical ablation producing a random ensemble of microelectrodes, albeit with a large size distribution, 31 which are also irregularly shaped and distorted which is likely to hamper the reproducibility between sensors from the same batch. 95,96 Another approach is the screen printing of a carbon layer onto which an inert material is placed, which has been laser ablated to produce micron sized holes which expose the underlying screen printed carbon surface. 97 However, problems may be encountered between sealing the patterned material to the carbon layer leading to leakages.…”

Section: Improving Mass Transport Through Advantageous Designsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New directions in screen printed electroanalytical sensors: an overview of recent developments

Metters

Kadara

Banks

2011

Analyst

430

275

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Screen printing is widely used to fabricate disposable and economical electrochemical sensors and has helped us to establish the route from 'lab-to-market' for a plethora of sensors. We overview recent developments in the field where screen printed electrochemical sensors are utilised. Starting with their fundamental understanding, through to highlighting new developments in bulk metal and mediator modified electrodes, as well as novel advantageous electrode designs, we demonstrate the wide and diverse range of applications that sensors based on this fabrication approach have achieved.

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Evaluation of Poly(o‐phenylenediamine) Films for Application as Insulating Layers upon Carbon Substrates for Use within Sonochemically Fabricated Microelectrode Arrays

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Electroanalytical properties of screen printed shallow recessed electrodes

Electroanalytical properties of screen printed shallow recessed electrodes

Poly(m-Phenylenediamine) Nanospheres and Nanorods: Selective Synthesis and Their Application for Multiplex Nucleic Acid Detection

New directions in screen printed electroanalytical sensors: an overview of recent developments

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