Evaluation of oil yield from Jordanian oil shales

Pyrolysis in indirectly heated fixed bed with internals: The first application to oil shale

“…Fundamentally there are many works about the influences of major parameters including the pyrolysis temperature [3][4][5][6][7][8][9], heating rate [9][10][11][12], residence time [13], pyrolysis atmosphere [8,14], operating pressure [15], as well as the particle size [16], density [17,18], and inorganic matter content [19,20] of oil shale. It is widely accepted that there are appropriate temperature and heating rate for oil shale pyrolysis that ensure the potentially highest shale oil yield.…”

An overview of the Jordanian oil shale: its chemical and geologic characteristics, exploration, reserves and feasibility for oil and cement production

“…Jordan's oil shale is considered to be the most extensive domestic fossil fuel source throughout the 21st century and beyond, since Jordan ranks third in the world for oil shale reserves (Jaber et al 1997;Jaber et al 2001). The identified reserves of this oil shale are huge (50-70 billion metric tons) and sufficient to satisfy the national energy needs for hundreds of years.…”

“…Apart from oil and gas possibilities, Jordan has a number of energy potential resources which could act as an energy base in the next decade and beyond (Mustafa et al 1993). Table 2 provides a summary of the potential new and renewable energy resources in Jordan (Jaber et al 1997;Jaber et al 2001;Abu-Hamatteh et al 2008). Large deposits of oil shale are widely distributed all over Jordan (Fig.…”

“…1 and Table 3). These deposits are regarded as the richest organic bituminous marl and limestone that occur at shallow depth (Jaber et al 2001). …”

Energy Requirements of Using Oil Shale in the Production of Ordinary Portland Clinker

“…The high percentage of ash in the Jordanian oil shale (50-60%) makes the future of utilization of oil shale as a source of liquid fuel uncertain [4]. Cementing properties of oil shale on its own have been found earlier to be poor [5].…”