Evaluation of nanomaterials to prevent oral Candidiasis in PMMA based denture wearing patients. A systematic analysis

Abstract

The purpose of this study is the prevention of Candida colonies on PMMA Denture Base by altering the surface and incorporations of Nanoparticles. Materials and methods: The Pub Med/Medline was searched to identify 100 relevant studies published from 2011 to 2020. The search strategy employed the following keywords related to "use of Nanoparticles in dentistry", "Antimicrobial agents and PMMA", "Candidiasis and nanomaterials", "Prevention of oral Candidiasis", "Incorporation of antimicrobial agents in acrylic dentures," "nanoparticles as therapeutic agents for denture stomatitis", "Nanodentistry" or "Nanotechnology" or "Nanocomposite" or "Nanodrugs" or "Nanomaterials". Results: Most of the studies shows that modified PMMA denture base resin containing different antimicrobial coatings and incorporation of metal oxides Nanoparticles and other nanomaterials showed antifungal activity in vitro; however some materials in higher concentration showing altered physical and mechanical properties possibly due to aggregation of Nanoparticles in the lattice of PMMA molecules. Conclusion: Metal oxides nanomaterials revealed cytotoxicity to Candida and other microbes present in oral biofilm including PMMA denture surface. Nano toxicity may attribute to direct interaction of nanoparticles with cell membrane, hindrance in protein synthesis and early adhesion & interfere with physiology of pathogens.

Antimicrobial Activity of Thermocycled Polymethyl Methacrylate Resin Reinforced with Titanium Dioxide and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles

“…This was in agreement with the study conducted by Amiri et al [ 20 ], which showed that nanocopper oxide had high antimicrobial effect against the examined dental caries bacterial agents and lower effect on the three species of Candida . Another study showed that the antimicrobial action of CuO nanoparticles on all the three species of C. albicans , C. krusei , and C. glabrata was not as effective as that on cariogenic bacteria; yet they might be good candidate control agents for preventing cariogenic activity and other dental infections [ 26 ]. The antimicrobial activity of CuO nanoparticles is due to their close interaction with microbial membranes and the release of metal ions.…”

Antifungal Efficacy and Physical Properties of Poly(methylmethacrylate) Denture Base Material Reinforced with SiO2 Nanoparticles

“…The decrease in C. albicans count may be ascribed to the presence of some nano‐SiO 2 on the specimen surface and in direct contact with the cell membrane of C. albicans which could impart antifungal activities of the modified resin 20 . This contact may occur in different forms, such as hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic attraction, and van der Waals forces; 21 as nanoparticles cross the fungal cell membrane and disrupt the metabolic pathway, they may affect the function and shape of the cell membrane and inhibit normal budding process 7,20,21 …”

“…Microorganisms tend to adhere to hydrophobic surfaces through hydrophobic bonds which is facilitated by the hydrophobic nature of the denture base 7 . The interaction between the denture base acrylic resin and C. albicans leads to Candida adhesion which may cause local denture stomatitis 7,20 . AlBin‐Ameer et al, found that nano‐silica coated denture base showed significantly lower values of contact angle and resulted in more hydrophilic surfaces, hence more wettability and less C. albicans adhesion compared with uncoated denture base or other coating materials 6 …”

“…The features of surface specimens changed in addition to the existence of nano‐SiO 2 on the specimen surface, especially at high concentration, which contributed to the roughness of the tested specimens. The appearance of nanoparticles on the surface is beneficial in controlling the growth of C. albicans on the PMMA surface 20 …”

Color Stability and Surface Properties of PMMA/ZrO2 Nanocomposite Denture Base Material after Using Denture Cleanser

“…Previous studies reported the role of surface roughness, irregularities, porosities or indentations in plaque formation, and denture staining compared to smooth surfaces [ 7 ]. A satisfactory level of surface hardness is important to resist surface changes brought up by cleaning during denture lifetime [ 7 , 8 ]. Change in color of denture base resins is one of the signs of aging [ 9 ].…”