Evaluation of Metal Concentrations in Red Tilapia (Oreochromis spp) from Three Sampling Sites in Jelebu, Malaysia Using Principal Component Analysis

Abstract

Concentration of V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, and Pb in muscle, liver, and gill tissues of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp) sampled from three different aquaculture sites which include earthen pond, ex-tin mining pool, and concrete tank in Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan, were determined using microwave-assisted digestion-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Accumulation patterns relating organs and elements, as well as origins and elements, were evaluated using multivariate statistics. With the aid of principal component analysis, it is possible to visualize the distribution pattern of metals in different organs as well as clustering tendencies of tilapia samples according to the production sites. In general, levels of V, Co, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, and Cd in liver were higher than those in muscles and gills, whereas Mn and Pb were higher in gills while As in muscles. Results from principal component analysis revealed that there are similar pattern of metal distribution among organs regardless of the production sites. It is also suggested that Cu, As, and Pb are the best describers in characterizing the studied organs, where liver tissues are associated with high Cu, gills with high Pb, and muscles with high As. On the other hand, V, Co, and Pb are observed to be key discriminants for sample origins.

Assessment of Trace Elements in Tissues of Fish Species: Multivariate Study and Safety Evaluation

“…PCA and HCA are multivariate analysis techniques commonly employed in the evaluation of food data allowing the establishment of similarities and differences in a data set. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] In this study, the contents of eleven trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb and Se) were determined in muscle, gills, stomach, liver, kidney and gonads of six selected fish species from Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia State, Brazil. The employed analytical technique was the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the investigated fish species were Caranx latus ("guarajuba"), Bagre marinus ("bagre"), Archosargus rhomboidalis ("sambuio"), Lutjanus synagris ("ariacó"), Scomberomorus cavalla ("cavala") and Sphyraena guachancho ("bicuda").…”

“…These results are compatible with papers published in which fish muscles always exhibited the lower metal concentrations compared with other tissues such as the skin, gills, intestine, liver and kidney. 21 The experimental data were also evaluated by HCA technique using Ward's method procedure and applying the Euclidean distances. This technique, as can be seen in Figure 2, shows the formation of three great groups.…”

EVALUATION OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN WILD AND CULTIVATED Hemibagrus sp. USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

“…After digestion, the sample was cooled before being transferred to a 50 mL polypropylene volumetric flask and the volume was made up to the mark with UPW. Diluted sample solutions were stored in polyethylene vials below 8˚C and analysed by ICP-MS [12].…”

Distribution and health risk assessment of trace metals in freshwater tilapia from three different aquaculture sites in Jelebu Region (Malaysia)

“…Moisture content of each homogenized sample was then determined according to weight loss after freeze-drying. Dried samples were stored in a desiccator prior to analysis (Low, Zain, & Abas, 2011).…”

“…itself. On the other hand, distinct V, Co, Hg and Pb accumulation patterns suggest that different sources may be attributed to individual production farms under particular environmental conditions (Low et al, 2011). Therefore, there would be a certain amount of discrepancy in the associated health risks between production sites.…”