Evaluation of low carbon Al-killed/Cr-stabilized steel to be used in the automobile industry

Physical Metallurgy and Drawability of Extra Deep Drawing and Interstitial Free Steels

“…Mendoza et al (Mendoza et al, 2004) developed a chromium stabilized EDD steel (C: 0.02, Mn: 0.2, Al: 0.04, Cr: 0.35) by electric arc furnace, vacuum degassing, ladle treatment and continuous casting route. The steel sheet after cold reduced by ~85% was isothermally annealed under a protective argon atmosphere and was annealed at 700 •C from 1 to 300 s. The heating and cooling rate of annealed sheet specimens were ∽10 and ∽80 •C/s, respectively.…”

“…The use of chromium instead of niobium or titanium to stabilize the low carbon steel was effective in slowing down the recrystallization rate, thus, enhancing the formation of {1 1 1}<1 1 2> textures and achieving r values (r m -values) >2 (Mendoza et al, 2004). …”

Cold Rolling Effect on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Al-Killed Steels

“…After annealing of DC04EK steels the T H value is a magnitude order higher as at hot rolled LC steel [17]. At extra deep drawing steel (EDD steel) r m value increases with cold reduction till r m ~1.8 [12], after annealing the r m value depend on the coiling temperature of hot rolled steel, on the thickness reduction, and on the annealing method (batch annealing, continuous annealing (1.3<r m <2 [20], at IF steel r m value is higher than 1.4, sometimes r m >2 depending on microalloying elements [21,22].…”

Experimental Analysis on the Frictional Behaviour of Drawbeads in Sheet Metal Forming

“…This difficulty can be understood due to the nature of the friction phenomena. Friction is a complex variable that results from the interactions of the surface of the sheet, the surface of the forming tools and the lubricant used [17][18][19].…”