Evaluation of levels of Interleukin-1b, intensity of pain and tooth movement during canine retraction using different magnitudes of continuous orthodontic force

Abstract

Aim: The present study was conducted for the evaluation of Interleukin (IL)-1b levels in human gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), intensity of pain, and the amount of tooth movement measured during canine retraction using different magnitudes of continuous orthodontic force. Materials and Method: A statistically significant number of subjects were included for the study ( n = 16, 6 male subjects and 10 female subjects). The age ranged from 18 to 24 years and all were diagnosed with Class I bimaxillary protrusion. They underwent first premolar extractions prior to participating in the study. The maxillary cuspids were then retracted using a continuous force of either 50 or 150 g. This was executed using nickel–titanium coil springs on segmented archwires. The opposite counterpart, that is, mandibular cuspid was used as control. GCF was then drawn from the distal aspect of each tooth at defined time intervals. This was followed by the assessment of IL-1b concentrations, pain intensity, using the visual analogue scale (VAS), and the amount of tooth movement. ANOVA test, Friedman test, and paired t -tests were used for comparisons of IL-1b in GCF, the plaque and gingival indices, and the efficiency of tooth movement on pain perception, respectively. Results: The 150 g group showed the highest level of IL-1b concentration at 24 h from baseline and at 2 with significant differences compared with the control group ( P < 0.05). The mean VAS score of pain intensity from the 150 g force was significantly greater than from the 50 g force at 24 h ( P < 0.01). Conclusion: No significant difference in the amount of tooth movement was found between these two different magnitudes of continuous force at 2 months. A 50 g force could effectively induce tooth movement similar to 150 g with less pain and less inflammation.

Exploring Non-Invasive Salivary Biomarkers for Acute Pain Diagnostics: A Comprehensive Review

“…Carlton et al observed that salivary levels of interleukin (IL-1β, IL-4) were elevated in patients with burn characteristics compared to the healthy controls [32]. In a case-control study by Singh et al, 16 patients undergoing canine tooth removal were included and tested for IL-1β at 24 h and after 2 months after the procedure [48]. The authors found significantly higher levels of IL-1β levels at 24 h and after 2 months of the initial canine tooth movement compared with the control teeth.…”

“…The authors found significantly higher levels of IL-1β levels at 24 h and after 2 months of the initial canine tooth movement compared with the control teeth. However, these markers and all the interleukins are challenging to analyze and relate solely to a painful stimulus as their changes can be affected by various inflammatory conditions, such as inflammatory dental diseases or the presence of dental plaque [48].…”

“…Therefore, various studies have investigated the use of different blood and saliva biomarkers for objective pain evaluation. In our review, we observed that the majority of the studies were performed on an adult population [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][45][46][47][48][49][50]. In addition, it is easy to explain that biomarkers, e.g., cortisol, are already measured in the blood with pre-defined reference values.…”

“…Nevertheless, salivary biomarkers are suitable for children because they are easy and painless to collect, can be evaluated in real-time, and enable repeated measurements. However, saliva collection could be challenging under specific conditions, such as dehydration, and biomarkers could give false-positive or false-negative values due to certain conditions such as the use of glucocorticoids, previous food intake, anxiety, or acute inflammation [47][48][49]. Furthermore, current protein and hormone level measurements via ELISA, Western blot, or mass spectrometry are not clinically relevant in the context of acute pain diagnostics, and only a few studies included on-site diagnostic devices.…”

Sugar-free chewing gum versus conventional analgesic drugs for pain relief with fixed orthodontic appliances. A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…For instance, orthodontic pain was induced by different orthodontic archwires (such as 0.012-inch, 0.014-inch, 0.016-inch nickel-titanium archwires and/or 0.016-inch supercable archwires) or elastomeric separators. It is well known that the use of various orthodontic appliances and auxiliaries may lead to different force magnitudes and tissue responses during orthodontic force application (Luppanapornlarp et al, 2010; Singh et al, 2019). This may affect an individual’s pain perception along with the response to pain management strategies such as pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.…”