Evaluation of landscape coverings to reduce soil lead hazards in urban residential yards: The Safer Yards Project

Binns, Helen J.; Gray, Kimberly A.; Chen, Tianyue; Finster, M. E.; Peneff, Nicholas; Schaefer, Peter; Ovsey, Victor; Fernandes, Joyce J.; Brown, Mavis; Dunlap, Barbara J.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2004.02.010

Cited by 33 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In 2001, the US Environmental Protection Agency defined a soil lead hazard in areas of child play as soil lead concentration measured at 400 parts per million or higher (US EPA, 2001). This level is lower than what may be found in urban residential areas (Shinn et al, 2000;Binns et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

“…However, children were recruited from a neighborhood previously reported to have high levels of lead in soil (Shinn et al, 2000;Binns et al, 2004). Environmental lead sampling concurrently with video assessments would have improved our ability to describe the environments of these children and possibly have improved our ability to explain BLL variations.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationships of video assessments of touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards to parental perceptions of child behaviors and blood lead levels

Schaefer

Vicario

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Childrens' touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards were measured using video observations. Descriptions were made of childrens' outdoor residential play environments. Behaviors assessed were used to examine (1) validity of parental responses to questions on childrens' oral behaviors and outdoor play and (2) relationships of mouthing behaviors to blood lead levels (BLLs). Thirty-seven children aged 1-5 years were recruited for 2 h of video recording in their yard and blood lead measurement. Video assessments included hourly rates of hand touches to ground/ walking-level surfaces (cement/stone/steel, porch floor/steps, grass, and bare soil) and oral behaviors. Parental questionnaires assessed their child's outdoor activities, behaviors, and home environment. The children were: mean 39 months; 51% male; 89% Hispanic; and 78% Medicaid or uninsured. Twenty-two children had a blood lead measured (mean 6 mg/dl). During taping, all children had access to cement, 92% to grass, 73% to bare soil, and 59% to an open porch. Children had frequent touching and mouthing behaviors observed (median touches/h: touches to surfaces 81; hand-to-mouth area (with and without food) 26; hand-in-mouth 7; and object-in-mouth 17). Blood lead was directly correlated with log-transformed rates of hand-in-mouth (Pearson's correlation, r ¼ 0.564, n ¼ 22, P ¼ 0.006) and object-in-mouth (Pearson's correlation, r ¼ 0.482, n ¼ 22, P ¼ 0.023) behaviors. Parental questionnaire responses did not accurately reflect childrens' observed oral behaviors, play habits, or play environment. These data confirm the direct relationship between hand-to-mouth activities and BLLs and fail to validate parental perceptions of their child's mouthing behaviors or outdoor play environment.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships of video assessments of touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards to parental perceptions of child behaviors and blood lead levels

Schaefer

Vicario

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…The clean soil will come from local soil sources, usually with <20 mg Pb/kg (45). The soil hazard control policies of Norway are also supported by other studies that have included soil abatements or landscape covering to reduce soil Pb hazards (21,24,25,46).…”

Section: Pb Results Stratified By Properties With Homes and Vacant Lotsmentioning

confidence: 98%

New Orleans Soil Lead (Pb) Cleanup Using Mississippi River Alluvium: Need, Feasibility, and Cost

Mielke

Powell

Gonzales

et al. 2006

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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In New Orleans, LA prior to hurricane Katrina 20-30% of inner-city children had elevated blood Pb levels > or =10 microg/ dL and 10 census tracts had a median surface soil level of Pb >1000 mg/kg (2.5 times the U.S. standard). This project tests the feasibility of transporting and grading contaminated properties (n = 25) with 15 cm (6 in.) of clean Mississippi River alluvium from the Bonnet Carré Spillway (BCS) (median soil Pb content 4.7 mg/kg; range 1.7-22.8). The initial median surface soil Pb was 1051 mg/kg (maximum 19 627). After 680 metric tons (750 tons) of clean soil cover was emplaced on 6424 m2 (69 153 ft2), the median surface soil Pb decreased to 6 mg/kg (range 3-18). Interior entrance wipe samples were collected at 10 homes before and after soil treatment and showed a decreasing trend of Pb (p value = 0.048) from a median of 52 microg/ft2 to a median of 36 microg/ft2 (25th and 75th percentiles are 22 and 142 microg/ft2 and 12 and 61 microg/ft2, respectively). Average direct costs for properties with homes were $3,377 ($1.95 per square foot), with a range of $1,910-7,020, vs $2,622 ($0.61 per square foot), with a range of $2,400-3,040 for vacant lots. Approximately 40% (86,000) of properties in New Orleans are in areas of >400 mg Pb/kg soil and estimated direct costs for treatment are between $225.5 and $290.4 million. Annual costs of Pb poisoning in New Orleans are estimated at approximately $76 million in health, education, and societal harm. Urban accumulation of Pb is an international problem; for example, the new Government of Norway established a policy precedence for an isolated soil cleanup program at daycare centers, school playgrounds, and parks to protect children. New Orleans requires a community-wide soil cleanup program because of the extent and quantity of accumulated soil Pb. The post-Katrina benefits of reducing soil Pb are expected to outweigh the foreseeable costs of Pb poisoning to children returning to New Orleans.

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“…Given the ubiquitous and complex nature of environmental lead, assigning an attributable risk to any one lead source and then estimating the extent of contribution of each potential source(s) of lead to elevated blood lead in a child is difficult and arduous. Numerous studies have attempted to determine source etiology of lead in various environmental compartments including soil (Hurst et al 1996;Mielke and Reagan 1998;Binns et al 2004;Harris and Davidson 2005;Rabinowitz 2005;Clark et al 2006), roadway grit (Al-Chalabi and Hawker 1997;Pagotto et al 2001;Harrison et al 2003;Lough et al 2005;Weiss et al 2006;Duzgoren-Aydin et al 2006a), dust (Hunt et al 1998;Farfel et al 2004;Laidlaw et al 2005;Caravanos et al 2006), and air samples (Flament et al 2002;Young et al 2002;Wang et al 2006). Some of the studies have used lead isotopic ratio analysis (IRA), total lead concentration measurements, statistical analysis such as principal component analysis, and geographical information systems (GIS) mapping to assess lead in the environment or a combination thereof.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Use and abuse of Pb-isotope fingerprinting technique and GIS mapping data to assess lead in environmental studies

Duzgoren-Aydin

Weiss²

2008

Environ Geochem Health

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The danger to health, especially of young children, from lead-bearing particulates in the surface environment is still a valid concern. Given the multifaceted uses of lead today as well as historically, the sources of lead must be investigated to distinguish the etiology of lead contamination on the environment. The lead isotope finger printing technique based on isotopic ratio analyses (IRA) is one of the methods used commonly for provenancing lead sources in environmental studies throughout the world. This technique, however, has some inherited shortcomings. Therefore, caution must be used in the interpretation of the results, as this technique can lead to overestimations as well as underestimations of the true source etiology/apportionment of lead in specific environments. This paper illustrates this with some examples. Data on geographical information systems (GIS) mapping in urban regions are also presented in this paper.

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Evaluation of landscape coverings to reduce soil lead hazards in urban residential yards: The Safer Yards Project

Cited by 33 publications

References 13 publications

Relationships of video assessments of touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards to parental perceptions of child behaviors and blood lead levels

Relationships of video assessments of touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards to parental perceptions of child behaviors and blood lead levels

New Orleans Soil Lead (Pb) Cleanup Using Mississippi River Alluvium: Need, Feasibility, and Cost

Use and abuse of Pb-isotope fingerprinting technique and GIS mapping data to assess lead in environmental studies

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