Evaluation of Khat (Catha edulis) Use as a Risk Factor of Cancer: A Systematic Review

Chong, Zhi Xiong; Ho, Wan Yong; Pan, Yan; Alshagga, Mustafa Ahmed

doi:10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.4.881

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Ever khat chewing increased the risk of oesophageal cancer development, a finding that is similar to the study reported in reference ( 17 ) but unparalleled to that of study ( 22 ). A systematic review and meta-analysis supported our finding that there is a link between khat chewing and the development of oesophageal cancer ( 26 ). The fact that khat causes oesophageal cancer could be because it causes lesions and inflammations on the buccal mucosa or irritation of the oesophagus, both of which increase the risk of esophageal cancer ( 27 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Risk factors of oesophageal cancer at health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Unmatched case control study

Dessalegn

Enqueselassie²,

Kaba³

et al. 2022

Front. Oncol.

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BackgroundOesophageal carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in Ethiopia. Its occurrences vary among regional states of the country. The identification of local risk factors of oesophageal cancer will make it simple to design a focused intervention. On local risk factors, there is, however, a shortage of empirical evidence. Therefore, the aim of study was to identify local risk factors.MethodsAn unmatched case control study design was employed. From February 2019 to August 2020, 338 histologically confirmed cases and 338 controls were recruited consecutively from six health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital city. To collect data from the cases and the controls, face to face interviews were conducted. Epi-info version 7 was used to enter and cleaned data, and SPSS version 23 was used to analyze it. The odds ratio was calculated based on hierarchal model multivariable logistic regression, and statistically significance was declared at p-value of <0.05.ResultsThe mean (SD) age of the cases and the controls was 54.3 ± 12.5 years old and 40.2 ± 13.7 years old, respectively. The odds of oesophageal cancer was significantly higher among older ages (OR =11.0, 95% CI [6.60, 20.91]), rural residents (OR = 4.2, 95% CI [1.04, 16.80]), and those who had history of smoking (OR =1.3, 95% CI [1.12, 1.60]), khat chewing (OR = 4.0, 95% CI [2.50, 6.60]), raw meat consumers (OR = 2.6, 95% CI [1.75, 3.90]). Increasing monthly income (OR = 0.2, CI 95% [0.09, 0.49]) and a habit of eating fruits or vegetables (OR = 0.49, 95% CI [0.32, 0.76]) were associated with lower risks.ConclusionsTobacco smoking, khat chewing, age, residency, and red raw meat consumption were discovered to be positive predictors of oesophageal cancer, whereas fruit or vegetable consumption and higher monthly income were discovered to be inversely associated. It is advised to avoid the use of khat and tobacco, as well as to avail fruits and vegetables in dish.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Risk factors of oesophageal cancer at health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Unmatched case control study

Dessalegn

Enqueselassie²,

Kaba³

et al. 2022

Front. Oncol.

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“…A study by Deybasso HA et al (2021) stated that low intake of dairy products had a risk of EC. However, Castro et al 68 's (2018) systematic review and meta-analysis found no evidence of a link between EC and milk or dairy products . Homemade barley beverages created without alcohol, known as “kenneth,” have been linked to an increased risk of esophageal cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This finding was at odds with a study by Leon et al 53 (2017) that claimed there was no connection between smoking and esophageal cancer . The umbrella review by Castro et al 68 (2018) concluded that current smokers had a significantly higher risk of ESCC than never smokers. Two investigations by Leon ME et al (2017) and Madebo T et al (1994) found no association between EC and drinking alcohol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Distribution, Time to Treatment Outcome Clustering and Determinants of Esophageal Cancer in Ethiopia, a Scoping Study

Beyen,

Seife,

Gurara

et al. 2024

Cancer Control

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Introduction Esophageal cancer was the eighth and sixth leading cause of morbidity of all cancers in the world, and the 15th and 12th in Ethiopia, respectively. There is a lack of comprehensive data regarding Ethiopia’s esophageal cancer hotspot, treatment outcome clustering, and other factors. Objective This scoping review was designed to understand the extent and type of existing evidence regarding spatiotemporal distribution, time to treatment outcome clustering, and determinants of esophageal cancer in Ethiopia up to March 28, 2023. Methods Three-step search strategies were employed for the scoping review from March 15 to 28, 2023. Targeted databases included PubMed/Medline, PubMed Central (PMC), Google Scholar, Hinari, and Cochrane for published studies and different websites for unpublished studies for evidence synthesis. Data were extracted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) manual format. Results Our final analysis comprised 17 (16 quantitative a nd 1 qualitative) studies. Three studies attempted to depict the country’s temporal distribution, whereas 12 studies showed the spatial distribution of esophageal cancer by proportion. The regional state of Oromia recorded a high percentage of cases. Numerous risk factors linked to the tumor have been identified in 8 investigations. Similarly, 5 studies went into detail regarding the likelihood of survival and the factors that contribute to malignancy, while 2 studies covered the results of disease-related treatments. Conclusions The substantial body of data that underpins this finding supports the fact that esophageal cancer has several risk factors and that its prevalence varies greatly across the country and among regions. Surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy helped the patient live longer. However, no research has investigated which treatment is best for boosting patient survival and survival clustering. Therefore, research with robust models for regional distribution, clustering of time to treatment outcomes, and drivers of esophageal cancer will be needed.

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“…We have read with interest the recently published systematic review entitled "Evaluation of Khat (Catha edulis) Use as a Risk Factor of Cancer: A Systematic Review" by Chong and colleagues (Chong et al, 2020). We would like to congratulate the authors for this interesting review article, and make some comments.…”

Section: Dear Editormentioning

confidence: 99%