Evaluation of ‘Jackal’ AR601 (Avanex) and Kentucky‐31 Endophytic Tall Fescues for Suppressing Types of Invertebrates that Contribute to Bird Strike Hazard at Airports

Abstract

Core Ideas Endophytic grasses have been suggested for reducing bird strike hazard at airports. Besides deterring geese, such grasses might suppress insects that attract birds. Avanex tall fescue has been marketed as a bird‐deterrent grass for use at airports. Avanex and KY‐31 were tested against invertebrates in field and greenhouse trials. Neither grass is likely to appreciably reduce the food base for insectivorous birds. Use of endophyte‐infected (E+) grasses to deter vertebrate grazers such as geese, and invertebrates attractive to insectivorous birds, has been proposed as a means to reduce bird strike hazard at airports. ‘Jackal’ tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) with the endophyte strain AR601, branded Avanex Unique Endophyte Technology and marketed as a bird‐deterrent grass, purportedly expresses inordinately high levels of both ergovaline to induce bird avoidance behavior and loline alkaloids for insect resistance. We tested the hypothesis that Avanex is more effective than Kentucky‐31 (KY‐31), a common tall fescue with wild‐type endophyte, for suppressing types of invertebrates fed on by birds. Bioactivity of Jackal AR601 and KY‐31, with or without their endophytes, was compared in insect feeding trials, and against macroinvertebrate communities in field plots. Presence of viable endophyte was confirmed by immunoblot and alkaloid analyses. Alkaloid concentrations varied seasonally but were no higher in Jackal AR601 than in E+ KY‐31. Both E+ grasses suppressed an endophyte‐sensitive aphid, but effects on grass‐feeding caterpillars were more subtle, with similar and some cases better larval growth and survival on Avanex than on KY‐31. Neither E+ grass reduced populations of earthworms, white grubs, or aboveground macroinvertebrates. This study suggests that suppression of invertebrates by Avanex or E+ KY‐31 is probably too weak to significantly reduce the food supply for insectivorous birds at airports.

Dwarf White Clover Supports Pollinators, Augments Nitrogen in Clover–Turfgrass Lawns, and Suppresses Root-Feeding Grubs in Monoculture but Not in Mixed Swards

“…Our samples also contained small parasitic wasps, which were not identified because their trophic relationships in cool-season turfgrasses are largely unknown [71,78]. Herbivores and earthworms in the clover plots also were similar to those inhabiting turf-type tall fescue lawns in Kentucky [74,82]. Overall, we saw no indication that incorporating dwarf clovers into tall fescue would significantly change the invertebrate community of lawns.…”

“…The epigeal and arboreal predators we found inhabiting the dwarf and DWC monocultures and clover-tall fescue dicultures, including spiders (mostly Linyphiidae, Erigonidae, and Lycosidae), ants (mostly Lasius and Solenopsis spp. ), ground beetles, rove beetles, lady beetles, and predatory Hemiptera, were typical of those found in turf and pasture grass in the eastern United States [80][81][82]. Our samples also contained small parasitic wasps, which were not identified because their trophic relationships in cool-season turfgrasses are largely unknown [71,78].…”