Evaluation of Immune Boosting Properties and Combating of Multiple Respiratory Viral Infections by fifteen Euphorbiaceae Plant Extracts

Abstract

Objective: Fifteen Euphorbiaceae plant extracts were evaluated for their antiviral and immune boosting properties. Methods: The maximum non-toxic concentration of each extract in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs was estimated and their antiviral efficacy was determined in terms of reduction in viral titers, measured by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The antiviral efficacy was compared with ribavirin. The active extract was further subjected to estimation of total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents. Also, GC/ MS analysis was used to analyze its unsaponifiable and saponifiable matters. Results: The cytotoxic concentration fifty (CC 50 ) of Breynia distacha recorded the value of >200 and >300 for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1, respectively. This extract showed antiviral inhibition concentration (IC 50 ) values of ≤ 2 and ≤ 3, respectively and antiviral therapeutic index of 100% compared with ribavirin as standard. The serum of the vaccinated chicks treated with B. distacha has recorded the highest HI titers (7.1 and 8.3 log2) at the day of 28 post vaccination with high protection percentage (100 and 90%) post NDV and AIV H5N1 challenge, respectively. Also, a high HI titer (6.9 log2) was recorded in serum of the vaccinated chicks treated with Aleurites moluccana, Jatropha curcas, Ricinus communis, Putranjiva roxburghii with protection percentage of 95-100% post-NDV challenge. GC/MS analysis allowed identification of 91.10% of the total unsaponifiable matter, (1-heptatriacotanol represented the major component, 24.61%) and 82.51% of the fatty acid methyl esters content (methyl palmitate represented the major component, 26.13 %). Conclusion: This study highlighted the potential of many Euphorbiaceae plants especially B. distacha, to be new candidate of plant-based prototypes that carry antiviral and immunogenic features against respiratory viral infections.has the potential of being more successful in its steps than screening of pure compounds isolated from the products. 8 The spurge family, Euphorbiaceae occupied a special place in the realm of plant families and is scientifically reported for its antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer, cytotoxic, and antitumor activities. 9 In this respect, the present work aims to search for the use of plants of the Euphorbiaceae family to combat emerging infectious poultry diseases. Fifteen species belong to this family, are widely distributed and easily available throughout various geographical locations in Egypt, 10 were selected and subjected to evaluate their potential anti-viral activities against respiratory tract infection pathogens in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos and evaluation of immune boosting properties of these substances in SPF chicks. These plant species are well known to have their traditional claims for cure and/or reduce symptoms of various disorders including infectious diseases of animal and human among folk cultures.

Antioxidant and the Efficacy of Sophora secundiflora and Methoxyisoflavones in the Immune Function of Pigeons Vaccinated against Paramyxovirus Serotype-1

“…Isoflavonoids isolated from some medicinal plants have been proven to possess immunomodulatory effect. 1,3,52 It is therefore possible that the effect observed within the extract of EaE and BuE may be attributable to their isoflavonoids component that regarded as protective antioxidants based on their ability to donate hydrogen atom to free radicals. Findings from this study indicate the presence of promisingly potent phytoconstituents in EaE and these may be attributed to its capability to act as antioxidants and free radical scavengers.…”

“…Isoflavonoids are large subgroup of flavonoids and one of the major plant secondary metabolites that mediate diverse biological activities and potential health benefits. 1,2 Isoflavones are receiving growing attention and the focus of research has been on them to promote host immune functions by augmenting cellular and humoral type. 3,4 This encourages many authors to study the plant containing isoflavones such as Sophora species.…”

Prospective Asian plants with corroborated antiviral potentials: Position standing in recent years

“…Dichloromethane fraction of A. moluccana leaves and barks also showed prominent antiviral activity which validated the traditional use of this plant against viral infections [ 35 ]. Hydroalcoholic extract of the plant has shown significant antiviral activity against r Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) H 5 N 1 in a study [ 36 ].…”

Public Knowledge of Herbal Medicine for Respiratory Viral Infection in Saudi Arabia

“…All this can be attributed to a lack of knowledge about the use of herbal medicines. 12,13 To present, data in Saudi Arabia on the public's knowledge about the use of herbal medications to treat viral respiratory infections is still unclear. Accordingly, the present study explores the Saudi public's knowledge of herbal medicines for respiratory viral infections.…”