Evaluation of Humoral and Cell-mediated Immunity of Two Capripoxvirus Vaccine Strains against Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

Abstract

Background and Aims: Prevention of Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle is heavily dependent on vaccination. Since the genetic structure of LSD virus has the close relatedness with other Capri-pox virus (CaPV). Therefore, the use of vaccine strains of CaPV derived from sheep and goat would be useful to protect cattle against LSD. Materials and Methods:The susceptible calves of dairy farms were vaccinated with two available LSD vaccines. These vaccines were live attenuated sheep pox and goat pox vaccine strains. To evaluate vaccine-induced immune responses, whole blood and serum samples were collected up to 5 weeks post vaccination from both vaccinated and control groups. Results: The findings showed that, lymphocyte proliferation index in response to recall antigen in goat pox vaccine was higher than sheep pox vaccine in all time-point of experiments, and this difference was significant in weeks 1 and 5 post vaccination (p<0.05). Although the levels of antibody production in both vaccinated groups was almost the similar, and there was no statistically significant difference, but in goat pox vaccine slightly higher than sheep pox vaccine. Also, the interferon gamma and IL-4 production in goat pox vaccine were higher than sheep pox vaccine in all-time point and statistically significant at week 3 post vaccination (p< 0.05). Conclusions: From this study we found that live attenuated goat pox vaccine induced high level of lymphocyte proliferation and interferon gamma and IL-4, so it considered good vaccine to control of Lumpy skin disease.

Development of a Safe and Highly Efficient Inactivated Vaccine Candidate against Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

“…This might be explained by the characteristics of the different adjuvants and the immune response they induce in the host. It is long known that Capripox viruses stimulate both humoral and cellular immune response [ 34 , 35 , 65 ]. However, no correlation has been detected between the levels of neutralizing antibodies and the immune status of the animals [ 23 , 47 ].…”

“…However, no correlation has been detected between the levels of neutralizing antibodies and the immune status of the animals [ 23 , 47 ]. Additionally, it is known that Capripox virus infections or vaccination with live-attenuated vaccines effectively stimulate cell-mediated immune response of the animals [ 34 , 37 , 38 , 66 ]. According to the manufacturer, Adjuvant A is a low molecular weight copolymer that is able to efficiently stimulate humoral as well as interferon gamma responses, which makes it a great choice for vaccines where cellular immune response is highly required [ 64 ].…”

“…For vaccination of cattle against LSDV, homologous attenuated LSDV strains [ 27 ] are available, as well as potentially smuggled unlabeled LSDV vaccines [ 33 ]. In addition, in some areas, heterologous vaccines on basis of different SPPV strains [ 33 , 34 , 35 ] and GTPV strains [ 34 , 35 ] are used with an increased dose in cattle (10× the dose recommended for small ruminants). In some cases, no adverse effects could be observed after vaccination [ 36 , 37 ].…”

Suitability of individual and bulk milk samples to investigate the humoral immune response to lumpy skin disease vaccination by ELISA

“…Recent studies suggest that LSDV vaccination stimulates equally cell mediated and humoral immunity [6][7][8]. The humoral immune response is of paramount practical importance to obtain information on the immune status of animals post infection or vaccination.…”

“…The humoral immune response is of paramount practical importance to obtain information on the immune status of animals post infection or vaccination. The detection of antibodies against LSDV is possible starting one to 2 weeks post vaccination, increases gradually until 35 days to 12 weeks post vaccination, and is described to last until 40 weeks post vaccination [6][7][8]. Standard serological methods like virus neutralization test (VNT), agar gel immunodiffusion, indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and Western blot are described [9,10].…”