Development of a Safe and Highly Efficient Inactivated Vaccine Candidate against Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

Abstract

Capripox virus (CaPV)-induced diseases (lumpy skin disease, sheeppox, goatpox) are described as the most serious pox diseases of livestock animals, and therefore are listed as notifiable diseases under guidelines of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Until now, only live-attenuated vaccines are commercially available for the control of CaPV. Due to numerous potential problems after vaccination (e.g., loss of the disease-free status of the respective country, the possibility of vaccine virus shedding and transmission as well as the risk of recombination with field strains during natural outbreaks), the use of these vaccines must be considered carefully and is not recommended in CaPV-free countries. Therefore, innocuous and efficacious inactivated vaccines against CaPV would provide a great tool for control of these diseases. Unfortunately, most inactivated Capripox vaccines were reported as insufficient and protection seemed to be only short-lived. Nevertheless, a few studies dealing with inactivated vaccines against CaPV are published, giving evidence for good clinical protection against CaPV-infections. In our studies, a low molecular weight copolymer-adjuvanted vaccine formulation was able to induce sterile immunity in the respective animals after severe challenge infection. Our findings strongly support the possibility of useful inactivated vaccines against CaPV-infections, and indicate a marked impact of the chosen adjuvant for the level of protection.

Lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle population of Chattogram, Bangladesh

“…Although many countries have experienced the outbreak of LSD, but which strain or variants will be the perfect match for vaccine production is remained as a debatable issue (Ayelet et al., 2013; Ben‐Gera et al., 2015). Some recent articles claimed the potentiality of vaccine candidates for LSD prevention (Klement et al., 2020; Wolff et al., 2020; Zhugunissov et al., 2020). In contrast, vaccine strains were also found during the disease outbreak in Russia which raised further doubts on the vaccine candidate and its efficacy (Kononov et al., 2019).…”

The Importance of Quality Control of LSDV Live Attenuated Vaccines for Its Safe Application in the Field

“…In recent years, inactivated vaccines have gained attention in order to address the concerns about the side effects associated with the use of LSDV-based LAVs [13,17,18]. This resulted in the development of several inactivated vaccines and their potential as an alternative to the LAVs has been demonstrated in initial studies [18,19]. Independent of the vaccine properties, such as efficacy and safety, the use of vaccines has another requirement, namely production.…”

Exosome-Based Vaccines: Pros and Cons in the World of Animal Health

“…Inactivated vaccines consist of a pathogen that is usually frown in cell culture, and after, it is inactivated by physical or chemical methods that cause the denaturation of proteins or nucleic acids, keeping most of the original structure but losing the infectiveness and replication capacity [ 8 ]. Many examples of inactivated vaccines are found in the literature in which the activation of immune responses (cellular and antibody-mediated) are characterized, and different degrees of protection are achieved [ 31 , 32 ], including examples such as inactivated vaccine candidates against capripox virus (CaPV), which have sterile immunity when combined with specific adjuvants [ 33 ]. The main advantage of inactivated vaccines is that they offer a good safety profile with short to mid-term protection.…”