Evaluation of heavy metals composition of drinking water distributed to Addis Ababa City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Abstract

Background Compromised drinking water quality due to accumulation of heavy metals is becoming a serious concern for many countries, including Ethiopia. Chronic exposure to heavy metals is associated with many human diseases. This study aimed at determining the levels of heavy metals in drinking water supplied to Addis Ababa city. There has been no such study done on drinking water supplied to the city Methodology: A community based cross-sectional study design was employed from April 2018 to December 2018. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to measure the concentration of heavy metals in drinking water samples. Result The highest concentration of lead was recorded in water samples taken from Gefersa, Asko and Kolfie areas. Results of this study also showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the mean levels of lead in water samples taken from different treatment plants and their respective catchments (p-value < 0.01). Conclusion The mean lead level in water samples were higher than the maximum admissible limit set by the WHO in 2011. The mean level of cadmium concentration was higher than the maximum admissible limit of cadmium set by WHO in 2011 in water samples of the Gefersa surface water & catchment area. However, all values of heavy metals were lower than their respective maximum contaminant level set by USEPA in 2010.

What matters for the efficiency of Micro Business Tax Collection? Evidence from the Eastern Part of Ethiopia.

“…Kipilimba (2017) also conform this result that local taxpayers' lack of tax knowledge is the challenge facing Tanzania's tax administration. On the other hand, being unfair to other taxpayers in the same business, overestimating daily sales at the time of assessment, refusing to give the assessment committee accurate information, and running a business without a license, which is typical for sunday market vendors (Gebrie, 2020).…”

“…The 2022 microbusiness tax collection announcement also faced the aforementioned issues (World Bank, 2023) To summarize, the empirical ndings found in studies related to microbusiness tax collection are as follows: unclear tax legislation, ine ciencies of tax administration, corruption, lack of knowledge of taxpayers, high rate of evasion, lack of competency of the tax authority, inadequate awareness, lack of follow-up, overestimation of daily sales at the time of assessment, lack of taxpayer honesty to provide accurate information to the assessing committee, and non-registration of microbusinesses. Based on the above studies and what the researchers saw in real life, the following factors identi ed how much tax is collected from microbusinesses: taxpayer tax knowledge, tax law enforcement, tax o cial corruption, taxpayer complaints, and tax fairness (Abera, 2019;Mtengeti, 2015;Kipilimba 2017, Gezahegn et al, 2016Gebrie ,2020) A low tax to gross domestic product ratio in Ethiopia implies that there are a lot of taxes that should be paid by rms but are not collected by the tax administration of the government. Much of the empirical study focused on microbusiness tax design, practice, and its implementation challenges (Asmare, 2019; Gebrie, 2020).…”

Promoting Sustainable Development of Cities Using Urban Legislation in Sub-Saharan Africa

“…The majority of these issues are aggravated by inadequate enforcement of the regulations in place [28]. The combination of sewage and poorly managed industrial effluents and agricultural return-flows has led to critical levels of pollution in many urban river systems, to the point of being hazardous to human health [34].…”

“…The Vision is a Pan-African people-centered vision and action plan that aims to position Africa for growth over the next 50 years. It puts a strong focus on urban development that includes transformational outcomes by 2023 in urban services such as improvements in living standards having access to safe drinking water and sanitation, electricity supply and internet connectivity to be up by 50% and recycling in cities at least 50% of the waste they generate [34]. The Cities are also expected to meet the WHO's Ambient Air Quality Standards (AAQS) by 2025and also make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable [34].…”

Performance Prediction of Flexible pavement against Rutting Using Finite Element Method. A Case of Nakamte to Gedo Road

“…In contrast, there is hardly any literature that focuses on PRS for trunk highways that were used in Ethiopia. This suggested study concentrated on Ethiopia's specialized Finite Element Method to Predict Rutting Flexible Pavement Performance [16].…”