Evaluation of Gafchromic EBT-XD film, with comparison to EBT3 film, and application in high dose radiotherapy verification

Palmer, A.L.; Dimitriadis, Alexis; Nisbet, Andrew; Clark, Catharine H.

doi:10.1088/0031-9155/60/22/8741

Cited by 95 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] Such films have been used for in vivo and small field dosimetry as well as in high-dose gradient regions and other challenging scenarios owing to their high spatial resolution, water equivalency, and ease of use. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Radiochromic film response to ionizing radiation is manifested as a change in color, due to increase in the concentration of light absorbing polymers, which is characterized by the optical density (OD) or absorbance (A). 17 The absorbance measured using an optical system can then be correlated with the radiation dose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral analysis of the EBT3 radiochromic films for clinical photon and electron beams

et al. 2019

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the spectral response of the EBT3 radiochromic films to different beam qualities for radiation therapy dosimetry. Dose, dose rate, and interbatch dependencies on the spectral response of the films were investigated as well. Methods Pieces of EBT3 films placed between layers of solid water phantoms were irradiated with 6 and 15 MV photon beams, 6 and 10 MV‐flattening filter free (FFF) photon beams, and 6 and 20 MeV electron beams at dose levels between 0.4 and 50 Gy. Net absorbance was measured as a function of wavelength from the spectra acquired in the wavelength range of 400–800 nm using a fiber‐coupled spectrometer and broadband light source. Results No significant change was observed in the absorption spectra of the EBT3 film from the same batch irradiated with the same amount of dose using different beam qualities. Also, no spectral change with dose rate was observed. The measured net absorbance per Gy was independent of beam quality in the 1–50 Gy dose range. Slight differences in the spectral shape and absorption band positions were observed in film samples from different batches. The net absorbance spectra showed two absorption bands centered around 634–636 nm (primary) and 583–585 nm (secondary). However, depending on the film batch, for doses above a certain level the primary absorption band appears to “split” into two bands centered around ~624–628 and ~641–645 nm. Conclusions The spectral shape of the EBT3 radiochromic films irradiated with photons (including FFF) and electron beams is beam quality and dose rate independent; however, it varies with dose level, batch, and spectroscopy system used.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral analysis of the EBT3 radiochromic films for clinical photon and electron beams

et al. 2019

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“…The active layer of the EBT‐XD model is sandwiched between two matte polyester substrate each with 125 μm thickness, identical to that of the EBT3 model. There are several studies on the characterization and validation of the EBT‐XD films for radiotherapy dosimetry applications . These studies showed an improved performance of the EBT‐XD film over the EBT3 model for applications requiring doses greater than 10 Gy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response characterization of EBT‐XD radiochromic films in megavoltage photon and electron beams

et al. 2019

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the beam quality dependence of the EBT‐XD radiochromic films for megavoltage photon and electron beam irradiations by studying their spectral response. Dose, dose rate, and interbatch dependencies were investigated as well. Methods EBT‐XD and EBT3 radiochromic films were cut into 5 cm2 × 5 cm2 pieces, placed between solid water phantoms, and irradiated with 6 and 15 MV photon beams, 6 and 10 MV flattening filter free photon beams, and 6 and 20 MeV electron beams at dose levels between 0.5 and 50 Gy. In order to measure the spectral response, the films were illuminated by a deuterium and tungsten‐halogen lamp and net absorption was measured in 400–800 nm spectral range using a fiber‐coupled optical spectrometer. Film samples were then analyzed using a flatbed scanner in the red, green, and blue channel to obtain the optical density of the films. Results The net absorption spectra of the EBT‐XD and EBT3 films showed two absorption bands centered at 635 and 585 nm, characteristic of the EBT model. However, for a given dose, the EBT‐XD films showed lower net absorbance compared to the EBT3 films. At a given dose level, the net absorption spectra and dose–response curves for EBT‐XD films showed only slight variations across various beam qualities. When a calibration curve obtained from a given beam quality is used to measure dose from films irradiated with other beam qualities, the maximum uncertainty in the calculated dose, in ranges 5–40 and 8–50 Gy for red and green channels, respectively, were ~3.1% and ~2.4%. Conclusions The response of the EBT‐XD films is dose rate independent but batch dependent. No significant beam quality dependence was observed in EBT‐XD films in the dose range up to 50 Gy.

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“…Before performing patient‐specific QA of radiotherapy treatment plans with the Gafchromic EBT‐XD films, it is important to investigate their dosimetric characteristics. It has been reported that the lateral response artifacts associated with EBT‐XD films are significantly smaller than those associated with EBT3 films 17 , 18 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gafchromic EBT‐XD film: Dosimetry characterization in high‐dose, volumetric‐modulated arc therapy

Miura¹,

Ozawa

Hosono³

et al. 2016

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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Radiochromic films are important tools for assessing complex dose distributions. Gafchromic EBT‐XD films have been designed for optimal performance in the 40–4,000 cGy dose range. We investigated the dosimetric characteristics of these films, including their dose‐response, postexposure density growth, and dependence on scanner orientation, beam energy, and dose rate with applications to high‐dose volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) verification. A 10 MV beam from a TrueBeam STx linear accelerator was used to irradiate the films with doses in the 0–4,000 cGy range. Postexposure coloration was analyzed at postirradiation times ranging from several minutes to 48 h. The films were also irradiated with 6 MV (dose rate (DR): 600 MU/min), 6 MV flattening filter‐free (FFF) (DR: 1,400 MU/ min), and 10 MV FFF (DR: 2,400 MU/min) beams to determine the energy and dose‐rate dependence. For clinical examinations, we compared the dose distribution measured with EBT‐XD films and calculated by the planning system for four VMAT cases. The red channel of the EBT‐XD film exhibited a wider dynamic range than the green and blue channels. Scanner orientation yielded a variation of ∼3% in the net optical density (OD). The difference between the film front and back scan orientations was negligible, with variation of ∼1.3% in the net OD. The net OD increased sharply within the first 6 hrs after irradiation and gradually afterwards. No significant difference was observed for the beam energy and dose rate, with a variation of ∼1.5% in the net OD. The gamma passing rates (at 3%, 3 mm) between the film‐ measured and treatment planning system (TPS)‐calculated dose distributions under a high dose VMAT plan in the absolute dose mode were more than 98.9%.PACS number(s): 87.56 Fc

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Evaluation of Gafchromic EBT-XD film, with comparison to EBT3 film, and application in high dose radiotherapy verification

Cited by 95 publications

References 21 publications

Spectral analysis of the EBT3 radiochromic films for clinical photon and electron beams

Spectral analysis of the EBT3 radiochromic films for clinical photon and electron beams

Response characterization of EBT‐XD radiochromic films in megavoltage photon and electron beams

Gafchromic EBT‐XD film: Dosimetry characterization in high‐dose, volumetric‐modulated arc therapy

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