Evaluation of formaldehyde emission from different types of wood-based panels and flooring materials using different standard test methods

Salem, Mohamed Z. M.; Böhm, Martin; Srba, Jaromír; Beránková, Jitka

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.09.011

Cited by 55 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The perforator method measures the total extractable content of formaldehyde present in the wood sample, while the other methods (EN 717-1, EN 717-2, and ASTM D 6007-02) measure the amount of formaldehyde emitted from the surface of the wood specimens (Xiong and Zhang 2010;Salem et al 2012a). The total formaldehyde concentration measured by the perforator method cannot be all emitted at room temperature (Xiong and Zhang 2010) and cannot be taken as a good index for the pollution level of the tested wood materials.…”

Section: Test Methods For Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The developed methods take less than three days, in comparison to the reference methods, which require 7 to 28 days (Salem et al 2012a;Yu and Crump 1999). The new method was validated using the characteristic PEER-REVIEWED REVIEW ARTICLE bioresources.com Salem and Böhm (2013).…”

Section: Test Methods For Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 3) a: From Salem et al (2012a) and Risholm-Sundman et al (2007) When increasing the temperature from 25.2 to 50.6 °C, the initial emittable formaldehyde from dry building materials was increased significantly, by about 507% (Xiong and Zhang 2010). This means that most of the formaldehyde in building materials cannot be emitted at room temperature; the EN 120 uses temperatures around 110 °C, and the EN 717-2 method uses temperatures of 60 °C (Salem et al 2012a). Wiglusz et al (2002) reported that at 23 and 29 °C, the measurements did not show any emission of formaldehyde; at a temperature of 50 °C, a high initial concentration of FE was found and it decreased with time.…”

Section: Test Methods For Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main sources of FE from wood-based products such as medium density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard (PB), and plywood are the resins used, such as urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine-modified urea formaldehyde (MUF), and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) (Salem et al 2011a). Solid wood grown in normal forest conditions releases low levels of formaldehyde, particularly during the manufacturing process (Salem et al 2012a). Furthermore, PF resins are frequently used in the manufacture of cork products.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the products should be evaluated by intra-laboratory and inter-laboratory comparisons to overcome the problems with the emission levels of different products in different regions or countries, as mentioned by the California Air Resources Board (CARB 2010). Table 3) a: From Salem et al (2012a) and Risholm-Sundman et al (2007) When increasing the temperature from 25.2 to 50.6 °C, the initial emittable formaldehyde from dry building materials was increased significantly, by about 507% (Xiong and Zhang 2010). This means that most of the formaldehyde in building materials cannot be emitted at room temperature; the EN 120 uses temperatures around 110 °C, and the EN 717-2 method uses temperatures of 60 °C (Salem et al 2012a).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Understanding of Formaldehyde Emissions from Solid Wood: An Overview

Salem¹,

Böhm²

2013

BioResources

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Wood is known to contain and emit volatile organic compounds including formaldehyde. The emission of formaldehyde from wood increases during its processing to lumber and wood-based panels (i.e., particleboard and fiberboard). This increased emission can be attributed to the processing procedure of wood, which includes drying, pressing, and thermo-hydrolysis. Formaldehyde is emitted from wood under very high heat and is not expected to be a significant source of the emissions from composite wood products during normal service. Formaldehyde is also detectable even if wood has never been heated as well as under more or less ambient conditions. The presence of formaldehyde in the emissions from wood that does not contain adhesive resin has been explained by thermal degradation of polysaccharides in the wood. The emission levels of formaldehyde depend on factors such as wood species, moisture content, outside temperature, and time of storage. Additionally, the pyrolysis of milled wood lignin at 450 °C yields benzaldehyde, and the pyrolysis of spruce and pinewood at 450 °C generate formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 2-propenal, butanal, and butanone, which can be attributed to the breakdown of the polysaccharide fraction of the wood. Keywords INTRODUCTIONThe European Union, the USA, China, and Japan now have legislation regulating the allowed levels of formaldehyde emission (FE) from wood and wood-based products, and without doubt there will be increased focus and controls placed on products that are known to release formaldehyde (Salthammer et al. 2010). The main sources of FE from wood-based products such as medium density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard (PB), and plywood are the resins used, such as urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine-modified urea formaldehyde (MUF), and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) (Salem et al. 2011a). Solid wood grown in normal forest conditions releases low levels of formaldehyde, particularly during the manufacturing process (Salem et al. 2012a). Furthermore, PF resins are frequently used in the manufacture of cork products. For this reason, formaldehyde and phenol are often measured together (Horn et al. 1998 Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring chemical in wood, as wood contains a diminutive, but still detectable amount of free formaldehyde. Formaldehyde can be formed from the main components of wood (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) as well as from its extractives (Schäfer and Roffael 2000) to different extents depending on the boundary conditions (pH value, temperature). On the other hand, the inorganic substances in wood do not directly contribute to formaldehyde release.The FE from solid wood increases at elevated temperatures and prolonged heating times (Schäfer and Roffael 2000), even in the absence of wood resin (Jiang et al. 2002). On the other hand, the degree of polymerization of cellulose seems to have no significant influence on the emission of formaldehyde; also, raising the temperature to 100 and 150 °C, the formaldehyde liberation from starch is also very low even at high reaction ...

show abstract

Section: Test Methods For Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Test Methods For Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Test Methods For Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Understanding of Formaldehyde Emissions from Solid Wood: An Overview

Salem¹,

Böhm²

2013

BioResources

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Formaldehyde emission from PVC–wood composites containing MDF sanding dust

Chaharsoughi

Najafi

Behrooz

2018

Vinyl Additive Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The main purpose of this work was to study the formaldehyde emission from wood plastic composites (WPCs) containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC), wood flour, and sanding dust of medium density fiberboard (MDF). Wood floor was replaced with 10, 15, and 20% MDF sanding dust (as a wood-based panel waste), and the composites were manufactured by the extrusion method. Formaldehyde emission from WPCs was measured using two different methods: the desiccator method according to ISO 12460 and the flask method according to EN717-3. Moreover, the physical and mechanical properties of the WPC samples were determined. The results indicated that the use of MDF sanding dust in formulation of WPCs leads to higher formaldehyde emission. The composites with higher content of MDF sanding dust exhibited higher formaldehyde emission. Although the PVC composites containing MDF sanding dust release formaldehyde, the formaldehyde emission values were very low. Therefore, these composites can be considered to be green composites and there is no concern in their indoor applications. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 00:000-000, 2018. V C 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers FIG. 3. Effect of MDF sanding dust content on long-term water absorption of PVC composites.

show abstract