Evaluation of Factors Concerning the Olfaction Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Test

Orhan, Kadir Serkan; Karabulut, Burak; Keleş, Nesil; Değer, Kemal

doi:10.1177/0194599811425019

Cited by 34 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…However, several previous studies found no significant effect of gender on olfactory function (2,16,21). Moreover, Robinson et al (22) reported that increasing levels of beta-estradiol had no effect on olfactory thresholds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Olfactory function was slightly better in non-smokers than in smokers; however, the difference was not statistically significant. In a study of 100 healthy individuals, Orhan et al (16) found no association between olfactory function and smoking or gender. However, although smoking does not consistently affect smell test scores, it is widely believed to Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 53: 4-9…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Effect of Septorhinoplasty on Olfactory Function: Assessment Using the Brief Smell Identification Test

Dengiz

Haytoğlu

Görgülü

et al. 2015

Turk Arch Otolaryngol

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Objective: Septorhinoplasty (SRP), one of the most commonly performed rhinologic surgery procedures, can affect olfactory function; however, the findings of studies investigating smell following SRP are controversial. We used a culturally adapted modified Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT) to investigate the long-and short-term effects of SRP on olfactory function. Methods:We enrolled 59 patients admitted to the EarNose-Throat Clinic, who were complaining of external nasal deformity and nasal obstruction. Functional SRP was performed on all cases. The B-SIT was administered prior to surgery and at 4 and 12 weeks post-surgery. The smell identification score (SIS) reflected the number of correct answers. In addition, we investigated the effects of gender and smoking on olfactory function and whether the SRP procedure changed these associations. Results:The mean preoperative, 4-week, and 12-week postoperative SISs were 10.15±1.30, 10.21±1.52, and 10.92±0.95, respectively. The difference between the preoperative and 4-week postoperative SISs was not statistically significant; however, the 12-week postoperative score was significantly different from the preoperative and 4-week postoperative scores. Furthermore, the repeated measures analysis according to gender and smoking habit revealed a significant difference between the 4-and 12-week postoperative SISs. One patient developed postoperative anosmia; however, the patient recovered in the 12-week postoperative period. Conclusion

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of Septorhinoplasty on Olfactory Function: Assessment Using the Brief Smell Identification Test

Dengiz

Haytoğlu

Görgülü

et al. 2015

Turk Arch Otolaryngol

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“…The SS test has been used previously to assess olfactory performance in a Turkish population, but the odor identification results obtained using this test may vary due to local and cultural factors (16,17). We evaluated the olfactory function of BD patients using this test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of olfactory function in Behçet’s disease

Akyol¹,

Günbey²,

Karli³

et al. 2017

Eur J Rheumatol

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Objective: Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic, relapsing type of vasculitis of unknown etiology and is characterized by oral and urogenital ulcers and ocular inflammation with cutaneous, musculoskeletal, vascular, and nervous system manifestations. Few cases involving the nasal mucosa have been reported in the literature, and the true prevalence of BD remains unknown. Neurological involvement associated with BD might play a more important role in causing olfactory dysfunction than mucosal involvement, but sufficient clinical data are not available on the effect of BD on olfaction in adults. We therefore evaluated the olfactory function of patients diagnosed with BD.Material and Methods: Patients were chosen from among a consecutive patient group population who visited the internal medicine rheumatology polyclinic and otolaryngology departments of Ondokuz Mayıs University Hospital. A total of 50 patients (both males and females) aged 18 to 60 years with a diagnosis of BD and 46 healthy controls (matched to the study group in terms of age and gender) were included. BD was diagnosed based on the criteria defined by the International Study Group for BD. A complete clinical history was taken for and a physical examination was performed in all participants. Patients with other rheumatic diseases; obstructive nasal pathologies leading to conductive-type olfactory dysfunction (e.g., septum deviation or nasal polyp); advanced systemic disease (e.g., hypertension or malignancy); a history of antithyroid, antihistamine, antidepressant, or steroid medication use within the past month; or who were current smokers, had an active upper respiratory infection, or had a history of otolaryngologic operations were excluded. The results of the "Sniffin' Sticks" (SS) olfactory test were compared between the two groups.Results: The mean age of the 50 BD patients was 35.3±10 years; that of the 46 health controls was 36.9±11 years. There was no significant group difference in age or gender distribution (p>0.05). Odor identification and overall scores were significantly lower in the BD group than in the control group. There were no significant differences in odor discrimination scores between the BD and control groups (p>0.05).Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate olfactory function in patients diagnosed with BD using the SS test.Odor identification was more impaired in BD patients than in healthy controls, but there was no group difference in odor discrimination. BD patients should also be assessed for the involvement of olfactory function and may require treatment due to a malfunction of the olfactory system that affects the quality of life.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common ones are: the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center Test, and the Sniffin’ Sticks Test 11. The Sniffin’ Sticks Test is available for olfactory assessment in Turkey, Europe, and Australia 11. It is a well-designed olfactory test that the German Olfactology and Gustology Association12 recommends and uses in many studies that assess the olfactory functioning of MS patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory functioning in early multiple sclerosis: Sniffin’ Sticks Test study

Çağlayan¹,

İrkeç²,

Nazlıel³

et al. 2016

NDT

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IntroductionPrevious studies have shown that olfactory functioning is affected by multiple sclerosis (MS). This study assessed the level of the olfactory impairment in early MS by using the Sniffin’ Sticks Test.MethodsThis study included 30 patients with MS and 30 healthy controls. We collected demographic and clinical data from participants and administered the Sniffin’ Sticks Test.ResultsWe found no differences between the MS and control groups in odor discrimination, odor identification, and threshold discrimination identification scores, but odor threshold (OT) scores were higher in the control group than in the MS group (P=0.49). In addition, we did not find any correlation between MS patients’ olfactory test scores and their scores on the Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), disease duration, history of optic neuritis, or being on immunomodulatory therapy.ConclusionIn recent studies, odor threshold impairment seemed to be the most striking finding in patients with MS. Although the present study found a mild alteration in odor threshold, olfactory dysfunction appears to be a consequence of neurodegeneration in the higher order olfactory brain regions, which is thought to be a time-dependent process.

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Evaluation of Factors Concerning the Olfaction Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Test

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

Effect of Septorhinoplasty on Olfactory Function: Assessment Using the Brief Smell Identification Test

Effect of Septorhinoplasty on Olfactory Function: Assessment Using the Brief Smell Identification Test

Evaluation of olfactory function in Behçet’s disease

Olfactory functioning in early multiple sclerosis: Sniffin’ Sticks Test study

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Evaluation of Factors Concerning the Olfaction Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Test

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

Effect of Septorhinoplasty on Olfactory Function: Assessment Using the Brief Smell Identification Test

Effect of Septorhinoplasty on Olfactory Function: Assessment Using the Brief Smell Identification Test

Evaluation of olfactory function in Behçet’s disease

Olfactory functioning in early multiple sclerosis: Sniffin&rsquo; Sticks Test study

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Product

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Olfactory functioning in early multiple sclerosis: Sniffin’ Sticks Test study