Olfactory functioning in early multiple sclerosis: Sniffin&amp;rsquo; Sticks Test study

Çağlayan, Hale Zeynep Batur; İrkeç, Ceyla; Nazlıel, Bijen; Gürses, Aslı Akyol; Capraz, Irem

doi:10.2147/ndt.s116195

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…Although olfaction is a promising biomarker for AD, it has also been identified as a potential indicator of other neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD) [ 59 ], Huntington’s disease [ 60 ], multiple sclerosis (MS) [ 61 ], and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) [ 62 ]. Therefore, future work in this area needs to focus upon improving the specificity of olfaction as a biomarker of AD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further investigation into whether different domains of olfaction (odour identification, recognition, or discrimination) are impaired to different extents in different diseases is also required. For example, odour threshold scores were found to be altered in MS versus control patients, whereas other olfactory parameters were unaltered [ 61 ]. In AD, odour identification appears to be the most reliable indicator of disease [ 52 , 53 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Olfactory Dysfunction as a Global Biomarker for Sniffing out Alzheimer’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis

et al. 2018

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Cases of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are rising exponentially due to increasing global life expectancy. There are approximately 50 million sufferers worldwide, with prevalence rising most rapidly in low-income countries such as Africa and Asia. There is currently no definite diagnosis of AD until after death, thus an early biomarker for AD is urgently required in order to administer timelier and more effective interventions. Olfactory dysfunction (problems with the sense of smell) is one of the earliest, preclinical symptoms observed in AD. Olfaction is a promising early biomarker for use worldwide as it is easy, cheap to measure, and not reliant on specialist clinicians or laboratory analysis. We carried out a meta-analysis to determine the credibility of olfaction in diagnosing AD in the preclinical stages, by comparing olfaction in healthy controls against AD patients and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Data from 10 articles were subjected to two comparative meta-analyses. In the case of AD, the results illustrated that the overall magnitude of effect size was more apparent, d = −1.63, 95% CI [−1.95, −1.31], in comparison to that of MCI, d = −0.81, 95% CI [−1.08, −0.55]. This shows that olfaction worsens progressively as patients progress from MCI to AD, highlighting the potential for olfactory dysfunction to identify AD in the preclinical stages prior to MCI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Dysfunction as a Global Biomarker for Sniffing out Alzheimer’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis

et al. 2018

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“…55 Studies have used different methodologies but associations with age, sex, 430,441,447,453 and mood disorders 429,434,435,440,441 have been observed. Association with disease activity, 427,435,437,441,442,444,445,[447][448][449][450]452,453,[457][458][459][460]462,467,468,470,471,473,474 neurological manifestations, 435,[437][438][439][440][441][442][443]445,447,450,452,453,[457][458]…”

Section: G Related To Underlying Systemic Disease 1 Autoimmunementioning

confidence: 99%

International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction

Patel

Holbrook

Turner

et al. 2022

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol

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Background:The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). Methods: Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. Results:The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. Conclusion:This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.

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“…9 On the other hand, few studies showed no difference in odor identification between patients and control group 10 and no correlation with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and disease duration. 11 Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare olfactory function between patients with RRMS and controls with a short screening tool-the Sniffin' Sticks Identification Test (SSIT). Assuming that the hyposmia was more common in RRMS, we also searched for association between olfactory dysfunction in SSIT and clinical and radiological features of the disease, such as a number of relapses, MRI characteristics, cognitive function, and results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Treated With Disease-Modifying Therapies

et al. 2020

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Background: Olfactory dysfunction evaluated with time-consuming tests was more common in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) than in controls and correlated with neurological deficit. The aim of the present study was to compare olfactory function between patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and controls with short and simple screening tool—the Sniffin’ Sticks Identification Test (SSIT)—and search for its association with clinical and radiological features of the disease. Methods: The study included 30 controls and 30 patients with RRMS treated with disease-modifying therapies—injectables (interferon β or glatiramer acetate, N = 18) and oral drugs (dimethyl fumarate or fingolimod, N = 12). Hyposmia was defined as a score of 6 points or fewer in the SSIT olfactory test. The data concerning number of previous relapses, disability in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and recent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan were collected. Moreover, thalamic volume and third ventricle width were recorded in every patient. Additionally, cognition and fatigue in patients were evaluated 24 months after olfactory assessment with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions (FSMC), respectively. Results: Patients with RRMS had a higher risk of hyposmia than controls (66.7% vs 36.7%, OR = 1.82, 95% CI, 1.10-3.67, P = .02). Neither inflammatory (number of previous relapses or new brain MRI lesions) nor neurodegenerative (EDSS, SDMT, and FSMC scores; thalamic volume; third ventricle width) MS features did not correlate with SSIT score ( P > .05). In patients treated with oral drugs, olfactory dysfunction correlated with FSMC cognitive subscale ( r = −0.90, P = .006). Conclusions: Olfactory dysfunction is nearly twice as common in RRMS as in controls and correlates with fatigue level in patients treated with dimethyl fumarate or fingolimod.

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Olfactory functioning in early multiple sclerosis: Sniffin’ Sticks Test study

Cited by 16 publications

References 19 publications

Olfactory Dysfunction as a Global Biomarker for Sniffing out Alzheimer’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Olfactory Dysfunction as a Global Biomarker for Sniffing out Alzheimer’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis

International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction

Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Treated With Disease-Modifying Therapies

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