“…To obtain the optimal therapeutic efficacy, these biomolecules need to be immobilized from the surface of implants (gao et al, 2009; bosco et al, 2012). for this purpose, a wide variety of biomolecules such as growth factors, bioactive proteins, enzymes, and non-viral genes (DNAs, rNAs) are currently being evaluated pre-clinically (Tonetti, Hämmerle and european Workshop on Periodontology group C, 2008;Shimono et al, 2010;Quesada-garcía et al, 2012;Arya et al, 2019;mohamed, el-mohandes and el-feky, 2019).…”