Evaluation of Economic and Health Outcomes Associated With Food Taxes and Subsidies

Andreyeva, Tatiana; Marple, Keith; Moore, Timothy E.; Powell, Lisa M.

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14371

Cited by 26 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(306 reference statements)

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“…A diet plays a significant role in cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, which account for over 70% of global deaths [1]. Among these foods, fish, meat, milk, peanuts, and products made from enriched flour have high levels of niacin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between niacin and mortality among patients with cancer in the NHANES retrospective cohort

et al. 2022

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Background The vitamin niacin is used as a lipid-regulating supplement, but it is unknown whether niacin has a positive influence on cancer prognosis. In this study, we examine the relationship between niacin intake and mortality among patients with cancer. Methods Our study utilized all available continuous data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2014. Multivariable Cox regression models were applied in order to investigate dietary niacin intake’s association with mortality. We compared the survival probability between groups of low and high niacin intake by plotting Kaplan-Meier curves. An analysis of subgroups was used to investigate heterogeneity sources. Results A total of 3504 participants were included in the cohort, with 1054 deaths. One thousand eight hundred forty-seven participants (52.3%) were female, 2548 participants (73.4%) were white, and the mean age (SE) was 65.38 years (0.32). According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, niacin intake was negatively associated with mortality outcomes in patients with cancer, with P values below 0.05 in all models. In subgroup analyses based on sex, age, and BMI, the association persisted. The Kaplan-Meier curves indicate that high niacin intake groups have better survival rates than low intake groups. Niacin supplementation improved cancer mortality but not all-cause mortality. Conclusion According to our study, higher dietary niacin intake was associated with lower mortality in cancer patients. Niacin supplements improved cancer survival rates, but not all causes of mortality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between niacin and mortality among patients with cancer in the NHANES retrospective cohort

et al. 2022

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“…The effects of these taxes on changes in price, including pass-through rates from distributors to consumers, is well documented. However, the effects of taxes on consumption, diet, and health outcomes remains unclear (7). Subsidies are implemented in nearly every country in the world, and previous reviews have synthesized the effects of monetary subsidies on food purchases and consumption in field experiments (8) and in modeling studies (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review on fiscal policy interventions in nutrition

et al. 2022

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IntroductionBoth the World Health Organization and the Lancet Series on Adolescent nutrition recommend that governments adopt fiscal policies to combat diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, rigorous, systematic evidence regarding the effects of these interventions is lacking.MethodsWe synthesize the available evidence regarding the impacts of taxes and subsidies that directly affect consumer prices on availability and accessibility of foods and beverages, purchasing behavior, diet quality, health and well-being outcomes as well as considerations for implementation, sustainability and equity.ResultsOur initial search returned 2,113 de-duplicated studies, and ultimately 24 impact evaluations and two systematic reviews met final eligibility criteria and represented unique evaluations. Our meta-analysis of these studies suggests that taxes may decrease purchases of taxed beverages (SMD = −0.14 [95% CI: −0.29 to −0.07], n = 15). Results should be interpreted cautiously due to considerable heterogeneity (Q(14) = 335.19, p = 0.01, τ^2=0.03, I2 = 95.82%).DiscussionThe evidence base is too limited to draw conclusions about the effects of taxes on beverages and calorie-dense foods on purchases, or on the effects of subsidies on purchasing or diet quality. Overall, the evidence base is inconclusive on whether fiscal policies can meaningfully influence the availability and accessibility of foods and beverages, diet quality, and health outcomes. Policymakers implementing fiscal policies should consider information campaigns on health benefits and health risks associated with certain food and beverage consumption. For taxes, exposure to health information may amplify signaling effects of taxes and reduce avoidance behaviors, such as cross-border shopping. Future evaluations should diversify data sources to better understand impacts on diet and health outcomes.

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“…Large-scale US programs to date have lacked a policy change component and have therefore been less effective than the multilevel initiatives in other high-income countries. Limited US data suggest that subsidizing and lowering the prices of healthful foods, such as fresh produce, may improve the sales of said food items but do not necessarily increase their consumption 43. Taxation of unhealthful food items, such as sugar-sweetened beverages, is also associated with lower demand and consumption, which may decrease overall caloric intake in the population.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primordial Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Morton

Heindl

Clarkson

et al. 2022

Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention

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The primordial prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) involves the prevention of the onset of its risk factors. This review explores the associations between early modifiable risk factors and the development of ASCVD in adulthood, as well as evidence-based interventions to prevent them. Review Methods: A review was conducted on the basis of an indepth literature search including longitudinal observational data, systematic reviews and meta-analyses published in 2012 or later, clinical trials, and additional manual searches of recent literature based on reference lists of other reviews and relevant guidelines. Summary: ASCVD is a disease that begins in childhood; hence, primordial prevention is an important target for improving cardiovascular morbidity and mortality later in life. Data from large-scale population studies have consistently identified the following modifiable risk factors for the development of AS-CVD: smoking, overweight and obesity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, poor diet, and physical inactivity. These risk factors originate during the prenatal, childhood, and adolescent stages of life. Various successful interventions to prevent the onset of each risk factor have been evaluated at the individual, community, and population levels. Implementation of a heart-healthy dietary pattern and regular exercise early in life are large components of many successful interventions.

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Evaluation of Economic and Health Outcomes Associated With Food Taxes and Subsidies

Abstract: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the changes in food and beverage prices, sales, and consumption as well as in diets and health associated with food taxes and subsidies.

Cited by 26 publications

References 72 publications

Association between niacin and mortality among patients with cancer in the NHANES retrospective cohort

Association between niacin and mortality among patients with cancer in the NHANES retrospective cohort

Systematic review on fiscal policy interventions in nutrition

Primordial Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

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