Key Points Question What are the outcomes of implemented sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes around the world? Findings In this systematic review of 86 studies and a meta-analysis of 62 studies, implemented SSB taxes were associated with higher prices of targeted beverages (tax pass-through of 82%) and 15% lower SSB sales, with a price elasticity of demand of −1.59. No negative changes in employment were identified. Meaning These findings suggest that SSB taxes may work as intended in reducing demand for SSBs through higher prices, yet further research is needed to understand their associations with diet and health outcomes and heterogeneity of consumer responses.

Thesium is a large genus of parasitic shrubs belonging to tribe Thesieae of Santalaceae. It has a principally Old World distribution, with the greatest diversity being found in southern Africa. Little is known about the relationships within Thesium or its relationships with its closest relatives. In this article, we present a first estimate of species-level phylogenetic relationships in Thesium based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and trnL-trnF sequence data, and use this to explore the biogeographical history of the group. One hundred and four samples representing 72 Thesium spp. were included in a phylogenetic analysis. Plastid and combined data resolve Thesium as paraphyletic relative to Thesidium and Austroamericium with high posterior probability and bootstrap support. ITS sequence data place Thesidium as sister to a large Thesium clade, but with weak support. Ancestral range reconstruction and dating analysis suggest a southern African origin for the group, with a crown age of 39.1 ± 11.9 Mya, followed by dispersal into Europe and South America. A large clade of Cape species split in the Miocene from a clade comprising tropical species (25.5 ± 7.3 Mya) with the diversification of extant species beginning at 16.7 ± 6.3 Mya.

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Using Reid and Ware's (1974) multidimensional Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (I-E scale), scores of female anorexia nervosa patients (n = 54) were compared to norms. Younger anorexic patients (M age = 16,3) demonstrated higher internal control compared to norms on items related to fatalism and social-system control, I-E scores for older patients (M age = 21.2) could not be differentiated from the norms. Comparison of high (external) with low (internal) scorers within the patient sample revealed significant differences on clinical variables related to weight history, eating habits, and psychosocial behavior. In addition, externality was associated with symptomatic scores on the Beck Depression Scale, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, the Restraint Scale, and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. It is concluded that the I-E scale may provide a useful prognostic index for the subgroup of anorexic patients who demonstrate external I-E orientation.Anorexia nervosa is classified as a psychosomatic disorder on the basis of its characteristic psychological symptoms, which often precede the onset of dieting. Bruch (1973) has outlined three central areas of psychological dysfunction in anorexia nervosa. These are (a) a distorted body image, (b) inaccurate perception of internal states, and (c) a paralyzing sense of ineffectiveness. Body-size overestimation and lack of aversion to sucrose have been demonstrated experimentally (Garfinkel,-Moldofsky, Garner, Stancer, & Coscina, 1978;Garner, Garfinkel, Stancer, & Moldofsky, 1976). The dimension of ineffectiveness, in contrast, has received limited empirical attention. Clinically, it has been described in developmental terms.Minuchin, Rosman, and Baker (1978) describe the anorexic child as growing up in a highly "enmeshed" family, one in which intrusive concern and overprotection by the parents curtail the development of autonomy. Similar descriptions, with specific reference to the power and control exerted by the mother, are common in the clinical lit-Requests for reprints should be sent to

Evolutionary radiations with extreme levels of diversity present a unique opportunity to study the role of the environment in plant evolution. If environmental adaptation played an important role in such radiations, we expect to find associations between functional traits and key climatic variables. Similar trait-environment associations across clades may reflect common responses, while contradictory associations may suggest lineage-specific adaptations. Here, we explore trait-environment relationships in two evolutionary radiations in the fynbos biome of the highly biodiverse Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa. Protea and Pelargonium are morphologically and evolutionarily diverse genera that typify the CFR yet are substantially different in growth form and morphology. Our analytical approach employs a Bayesian multiple-response generalized linear mixed-effects model, taking into account covariation among traits and controlling for phylogenetic relationships. Of the pairwise trait-environment associations tested, 6 out of 24 were in the same direction and 2 out of 24 were in opposite directions, with the latter apparently reflecting alternative life-history strategies. These findings demonstrate that trait diversity within two plant lineages may reflect both parallel and idiosyncratic responses to the environment, rather than all taxa conforming to a global-scale pattern. Such insights are essential for understanding how trait-environment associations arise and how they influence species diversification.