Evaluation of delayed neurotoxicity and dose-response relationships of phosphate esters in the adult hen*1

Johannsen, Frederick R.; Wright, Philip L.; Gordon, Donovan E.; Levinskas, George J.; Radue, Robert W.; Graham, Paul

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(77)90030-8

Cited by 55 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Both species express OPIDN by signs very similar to those of humans, and the time sequences of the effects are similar (Johannsen, 1977;Ehrich & Jortner, 1999). Thus testing in the mature hen has become accepted as the standard by which the potential for OPIDN is determined under Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act guidelines (Ehrich & Jortner, 1999).…”

Section: Neurotoxicity Of Tcp In Industrial Environment 283mentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluation of the hazards of industrial exposure to tricresyl phosphate:a review and interpretation of the literature

Craig¹

1999

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Commercial tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is a heterogeneous mixture of isomers and aryl phosphate congeners, known for many years to induce delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) in humans and experimental animals. In the past the isomer tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) was thought to be the component primarily responsible for OPIDN. It is now clear that other constituents, particularly the mono-o-esters, are not only neurotoxic but also may be more potent than pure TOCP. As a generality, the toxicity potential of a particular brand of TCP is related to its content of o-phenolic residues, whereby the maximal potential is reached when o-phenolics are 33% of the mix. Historically, human TCP toxicity has resulted from inadvertent or intentional contamination of foodstuffs or beverages. TCP products with high ortho-residues synthesized by older manufacturing methods were involved in most of these cases, and were likely much more neurotoxic milligram for milligram than TOCP. Because of the great variability of TCP products, there are no conventional workplace exposure standards. Based upon data from the hen and cat, estimated human safe exposure rates for pure TOCP are estimated to be 2.5 mg/kg for a single dose, and 0.13 mg/kg/d for repetitive exposures. These levels may also be applied to TCP when o-methyl-phenyl, o-ethyl-phenyl, and o-xylenyl components are appropriately limited during manufacture such that the TCP product is less neurotoxic than TOCP. There have been relatively few reports of toxicity associated with the manufacture or use of TCP in commerce and industry. Low vapor pressures of the constituents preclude the presence of significant quantities of TCP vapor in the atmosphere. A lubricant or other formulation containing TCP may appear in the air as a mist. By these criteria the U.S. Petroleum Oil Mist exposure standard is protective when the formulation contains 4% or less of low ortho-TCP. Exposure calculations indicate that estimated safe levels are not likely to be exceeded in the well-regulated workplace. If it is of short duration, even a heavy fog of oil particulate may not exceed the 8-h-average inhalation exposure standard. Modern manufacturing practices tend to minimize the ortho content and thus the toxicity of TCP. Because individual TCP brands and synthesis methods vary, manufacturers should be consulted concerning the properties of their individual products.

show abstract

Section: Neurotoxicity Of Tcp In Industrial Environment 283mentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluation of the hazards of industrial exposure to tricresyl phosphate:a review and interpretation of the literature

Craig¹

1999

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several TAP substances have been tested in animal experiments, mostly shortterm tests on hens [Johannsen et al, 1977;Johnson, 19751. Some TAP substances are neurotoxic and some are not.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to triarylphosphate and polyneuropathy: A case report

Järvholm

Johansson

Lavenius³

et al. 1986

American J Industrial Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This report describes a case of polyneuropathy in a 48-year-old mechanic who was heavily exposed to hydraulic fluids containing isopropylated triphenylphosphate (ITP). A cross-sectional examination of eight other men exposed to hydraulic fluids and eight controls showed differences in EMGs but not in nerve conduction velocities or other values measured in a clinical examination. The study indicates a possible association between heavy occupational exposure to hydraulic fluids and ITP and polyneuropathy.

show abstract

“…Phosphate esters have good thermal stability, excellent boundary lubrication properties, low volatility, and fair hydrolytic stability (chemical stability in the presence of water). The commercial products were synthesized from coal‐tar derivatives and were consequently composed of a mixture of various isomeric aryl phosphates, including the neurotoxic orthotolyl phosphate . Today, other raw materials are also using for the synthesis of phosphate esters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of cresyl and xylyl contents in phosphate esters‐based fire resistance hydraulic fluids by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Kumar

Mondal

Bansal

et al. 2016

Concepts Magnetic Resonance

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this work, a new analytical approach based on proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been optimized for the direct estimation of different phenolic components in a phosphate ester sample. In high resonance proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of fire resistance hydraulic fluids, methyl protons of cresyl, xylyl, and other phosphates (ethyl, propyl, and butyl) are unambiguously distinguished by their different chemical shift and used for quantitative estimation. The developed methodology was validated by analyzing different synthetic blends prepared in lab and few fully formulated fire resistance hydraulic fluids. The methodology is fast, nondestructive, and useful for development of new products and troubleshooting.

show abstract

Evaluation of delayed neurotoxicity and dose-response relationships of phosphate esters in the adult hen*1

Cited by 55 publications

References 7 publications

Evaluation of the hazards of industrial exposure to tricresyl phosphate:a review and interpretation of the literature

Evaluation of the hazards of industrial exposure to tricresyl phosphate:a review and interpretation of the literature

Exposure to triarylphosphate and polyneuropathy: A case report

Estimation of cresyl and xylyl contents in phosphate esters‐based fire resistance hydraulic fluids by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About