Evaluation of current status of lead toxicity among children: A hospital based cross-sectional study

Abstract

Introduction: Lead is a highly toxic non-essential metal. Children have a wide spectrum of subclinical and clinical effects due to lead exposure and lead poisoning. Objectives: To identify the extent of the problem of lead toxicity among children and its association with anthropometry, nutritional status and awareness about lead toxicity. Materials and Methods: Study population comprised children admitted in CSI Hospital as inpatients. Purposive sampling was done to enroll patients with no risk of lead exposure. A sample sizeof 100 was calculated using prevalence formula. Anthropometric and blood examinations were done along with knowledge, attitude and practices questionnaire to assess knowledge of caregivers about lead toxicity. Results: A total of 100 children were screened. The mean (standard deviation) blood lead level (BLL) was 7.1 (3.6). 18% of the children demonstrated BLLs of >10 ?g/dl. 19.3% of boys as compared to 15.8% girls had BLL >10 ?g/dl. 36.4% of children belonging to the lower socio-economic status had BLL >10 ?g/dl. The developmental quotient was inversely proportional to the measured BLL. Mean weight, height, and blood indices were lower in thechildren with BLL >10 ?g/dl. The knowledge regarding the adverse health effects of lead toxicity was very poor. Conclusion: Once the early toxic effects are detected before the onset of irreversible changes, the potential victims can be saved. So screening of children for lead toxicity should be made mandatory whenever doubt arises, and since knowledge regarding lead toxicity is poor among caregivers, awareness should be created through health education to the community.

High blood levels of lead in children aged 6-36 months in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: A cross-sectional study of associated factors

“…Comparable results have been obtained in previous studies of primary school children of Birgunj Municipality [ 17 ] and Kathmandu Municipality [ 18 ], highlighting a continuous health risk in this setting. Such higher elevated blood levels (BLLs ≥5 μg/dl) among children have also been reported in studies conducted in India [ 19 , 20 ]. Similarly, studies conducted in China have also shown a prevalence of elevated BLLs among children, including more than 54% in Jintan [ 8 ] and 44% in Wuhan[ 21 ].…”

“…In our study, BLLs were higher among boys. Higher BLL among boys was also reported in other studies from Nepal [ 17 , 18 ], India [ 19 , 20 ] and China [ 8 , 21 , 22 ] Although elevated BLLs have been found to be positively correlated with the age of children [ 8 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 23 ] we did not find such association in our study.…”