Evaluation of cultivable aerobic bacterial flora from Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) oral cavity

Panda, Suchismita; Padhi, Laxmipriya; Sahoo, Gunanidhi

doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103573

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This may be because we swabbed the oral cavities of wild snakes and immediately sent the samples for bacterial isolation and identification. Panda et al [ 16 ] documented diverse bacteria predominantly in the oral cavity of Daboia russelii from both captive and wild sources. They took samplings not immediately after capture (i.e., 7 days later) and reported that most of the isolates were resistant to antibiotics, including penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and oxacillin while sensitive to imipenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and azithromycin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These wound infection pathogens may come from the environment, surrounding skin, or oral mucous membranes of a venomous snake [ 14 ]. Mixed infections by bacteria from the snake’s mouth or patient’s skin could occur in wounds caused by bites from venomous snakes [ 5 , 15 , 16 ]. Some corresponding bacterial colonies have been observed in wound cultures, including gram-negative, gram-positive, and anaerobic bacteria [ 12 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some corresponding bacterial colonies have been observed in wound cultures, including gram-negative, gram-positive, and anaerobic bacteria [ 12 , 17 ]. Identifying snake oral microbes is important for understanding the causes of secondary infections [ 16 ] and assisting in an effective choice of antibiotics by providing data, which enables the most appropriate treatment of wound infection in snakebite patients [ 12 , 13 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral Bacteria and Their Antibiotic Susceptibilities in Taiwanese Venomous Snakes

et al. 2022

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Wound infections after venomous snakebites are clinically important. Information regarding the nature and antibiotic susceptibilities of snake oral bacterial flora could support empiric antibiotic therapy. Wild venomous snakes were collected from southern Taiwan: a total of 30 each of Bungarus multicinctus, Naja atra, Protobothrops mucrosquamatus, and Trimeresurus stejnegeri; 3 Deinagkistrodon acutus; and 4 Daboia siamensis. The species and antibiotic susceptibilities of their oral bacteria were determined. Aerobic gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris, were the most abundant. Proteus vulgaris were more abundant in B. multicinctus, N. atra, and P. mucrosquamatus than in T. stejnegeri (40%, 43.3%, and 40% vs. 13.3%, respectively). The gram-negative species were less susceptible to first- and second-generation cephalosporins and ampicillin-sulbactam than to third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, or piperacillin-tazobactam. The most abundant aerobic gram-positive species cultured was Enterococcus faecalis, which was more abundant in N. atra than in other snakes (p < 0.001) and was highly susceptible to ampicillin, high-level gentamicin, penicillin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium species were the most common anaerobic bacteria. The anaerobic organisms were highly susceptible to metronidazole and piperacillin. As a reference for empiric antimicrobial therapy, third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, or piperacillin-tazobactam can be initiated in venomous snakebites wound infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral Bacteria and Their Antibiotic Susceptibilities in Taiwanese Venomous Snakes

et al. 2022

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“…The local tissue damage creates an environment that is favourable for the growth of multiple pathogenic microorganisms, which can come from the environment, the skin, or even the oral cavity of the snake [ 11 ]. Indeed, the mouth of the Russell’s viper snake contains diverse types of bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains [ 12 ]. Additionally, the use of alternative and non-validated treatment methods such as plant extracts, cow dung, and other forms of traditional remedies in SBE-affected areas are common in rural areas [ 16 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cause of these infections can be diverse, including the snake’s oral microbiome, the environment, and opportunistic bacteria growing on human skin [ 11 ]. A recent study found the presence of several drug-resistant bacteria in the oral microbiome of a Russell’s viper and the inefficacy of conventionally used antibiotics such as amoxiclave and penicillin [ 12 ]. However, a range of antibiotics are often used in several clinical settings, specifically in rural areas, without appropriate justification to treat SBE-induced bacterial infections, and this frequently results in exacerbated treatment costs and unwarranted side effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effectiveness of Antibiotics in Managing Bacterial Infections on Bite Sites following Snakebite Envenomation

Salim

Almeida

Williams

et al. 2023

Toxins

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Snakebite envenomation (SBE) is a life-threatening medical emergency with a high mortality rate. Common secondary complications following SBE, such as wound infections, are significant due to their impact on worsening local tissue damage and causing systemic infection. Antivenoms are not effective to treat wound infections following SBE. Moreover, in several rural clinical settings, broad-spectrum antibiotics are often used without clear guidelines or based on limited laboratory data, resulting in undesirable side effects and exacerbated treatment costs. Therefore, robust antibiotic strategies should be developed to tackle this critical issue. Currently, there is limited information available on the bacterial profiles of SBE-induced infections and antibiotic susceptibility. Hence, it is essential to improve the knowledge of bacterial profiles and their antibiotic sensitivity in SBE victims to develop better treatment strategies. This study aimed to address this issue by examining the bacterial profiles of SBE victims with a specific focus on Russell’s viper envenomation. The most frequently found bacteria in the bites of SBE victims were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp., Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Linezolid, clindamycin, colistin, meropenem, and amikacin were some of the most effective antibiotics for commonly grown bacteria in SBE victims. Similarly, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, amoxiclave, cefixime, and tetracyclin were the least effective antibiotics for common bacteria found in the wound swabs of SBE victims. These data provide robust guidance for infection management following SBE and offer useful insights to aid in designing effective treatment protocols for SBE with serious wound infections in rural areas where laboratory facilities may not be readily available.

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Antibiotic susceptibility of cultivable aerobic microbiota from the oral cavity of Echis carinatus from Odisha (India)

Padhi

Panda

Mohapatra

et al. 2020

Microbial Pathogenesis

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Evaluation of cultivable aerobic bacterial flora from Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) oral cavity

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Oral Bacteria and Their Antibiotic Susceptibilities in Taiwanese Venomous Snakes

Oral Bacteria and Their Antibiotic Susceptibilities in Taiwanese Venomous Snakes

The Effectiveness of Antibiotics in Managing Bacterial Infections on Bite Sites following Snakebite Envenomation

Antibiotic susceptibility of cultivable aerobic microbiota from the oral cavity of Echis carinatus from Odisha (India)

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