The creep phenomenon of hardened cement mixed with expansive additives (EAs) was modelled by considering the creep performance of hydration products of cements and EAs under the assumption that the characteristics of hydration products of cements and EAs are fixed. A new composite model that is appropriate for particle conditions is proposed by considering the balance of the hydration products of cement and EA and the stress redistribution phenomenon of hydration products newly generated by the progress of hydration. Verification of the creep model indicated that the accumulated creep strains calculated by the model and those obtained through experiment were similar, thereby confirming that the model shows excellent estimation and evaluation performance. Furthermore, the stress could be sufficiently estimated by analysing the creep phenomenon corresponding to the progress of hydration under the restrained condition.
NotationA C contact area a creep constant C volume ratio of unhydrated cement particles to unit volume of cement paste mixed with EAs C V (%) volume mixing rate of cement E volume ratio of unhydrated EA particles to unit volume of cement paste mixed with EAs E V (%) volume mixing rate of EAs n constant Q activation energy of hydration products R universal gas constant R t outermost radius of cement and EA particle after reaction r o radius of particle of cement and EA before hydration reaction r u radius of particle of cement and EA after hydration reaction T temperature of paste T 0 reference temperature t 0 reference time (1 h) t À ô time under load V volume increase rate V (T) function describing temperature effects V agg volume of aggregate in unit volume V c,e volume of cement and EAs in the cube V uhc volume of unhydrated cement particles V uhe volume of unhydrated EA particles x water-to-binder ratio AE hydration reaction ratẽ å c (t i , ô j , T i ) creep strain increment generated by stress increment˜ó (ô j ) that occurs at the next time interval (t i , t iþ1 ) å e (t i ) elastic strain that occurs due to new stress increment˜ó (ô i ) ó r,b sum of stress increments of step b å c(c)