Evaluation of coronary stents: A review of types, materials, processing techniques, design, and problems

Ahadi, Fatemeh; Azadi, Mohammad; Biglari, Mojtaba; Bodaghi, Mahdi; Khaleghian, Ali

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13575

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…Coronary arteries carry blood to the heart and can be blocked by atherosclerotic plaque. Atherosclerotic plaque, principally made of deposits of cholesterol, causes the interior of the coronary artery to stretch, which can either wholly or partially obstruct blood flow ( Borhani et al, 2018 ; Ahadi et al, 2023 ). One way to solve coronary artery diseases is by introducing stents.…”

Section: Cardiac Pathologies and Their Medical Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other materials (ceramic) stretch, which can either wholly or partially obstruct blood flow (Borhani et al, 2018;Ahadi et al, 2023). One way to solve coronary artery diseases is by introducing stents.…”

Section: Metals (Polished Ti)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current similar literature reviews content related to surface modifications in CMDs, which are analyzed and compared to the materials employed in developing CMDs. Their main objective is solving biocompatibility/hemocompatibility or infection issues, but not addressing both by surface modifications ( Sin et al, 2012 ; Stanisławska, 2014 ; Festas et al, 2020 ; Zhao and Feng, 2020 ; Ahadi et al, 2023 ). The following review outlines not only the materials employed in the formulation of CMDs but how to avoid biocompatibility/hemocompatibility issues and infections using surface modifications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strategies for surface coatings of implantable cardiac medical devices

Coronel-Meneses,

Sánchez-Trasviña,

Ratera

et al. 2023

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Cardiac medical devices (CMDs) are required when the patient’s cardiac capacity or activity is compromised. To guarantee its correct functionality, the building materials in the development of CMDs must focus on several fundamental properties such as strength, stiffness, rigidity, corrosion resistance, etc. The challenge is more significant because CMDs are generally built with at least one metallic and one polymeric part. However, not only the properties of the materials need to be taken into consideration. The biocompatibility of the materials represents one of the major causes of the success of CMDs in the short and long term. Otherwise, the material will lead to several problems of hemocompatibility (e.g., protein adsorption, platelet aggregation, thrombus formation, bacterial infection, and finally, the rejection of the CMDs). To enhance the hemocompatibility of selected materials, surface modification represents a suitable solution. The surface modification involves the attachment of chemical compounds or bioactive compounds to the surface of the material. These coatings interact with the blood and avoid hemocompatibility and infection issues. This work reviews two main topics: 1) the materials employed in developing CMDs and their key characteristics, and 2) the surface modifications reported in the literature, clinical trials, and those that have reached the market. With the aim of providing to the research community, considerations regarding the choice of materials for CMDs, together with the advantages and disadvantages of the surface modifications and the limitations of the studies performed.

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Section: Cardiac Pathologies and Their Medical Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metals (Polished Ti)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strategies for surface coatings of implantable cardiac medical devices

Coronel-Meneses,

Sánchez-Trasviña,

Ratera

et al. 2023

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…Approximately 5 million percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) are performed annually worldwide [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Atherosclerosis is one of the most recurring inflammatory problems produced in the coronary arteries in the last years around the world [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Atherosclerosis is one of the most recurring inflammatory problems produced in the coronary arteries in the last years around the world [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Stenting is an important treatment to allow blood to flow through narrowed coronary arteries [ 2 , 8 ]. Stents are classified into four categories: bare metallic stents (BMS), coated metallic stents, biodegradable stents (BDS), and drug-eluting stents (DES) [ 5 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of PLA Thin Film on SS 316L Coronary Stents Using a Dip Coating Technique

Macías-Naranjo,

Sánchez-Domínguez,

Rubio-Valle

et al. 2024

Polymers

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The dip coating process is one of the recognized techniques used to generate polymeric coatings on stents in an easy and low-cost way. However, there is a lack of information about the influence of the process parameters of this technique on complex geometries such as stents. This paper studies the dip coating process parameters used to provide a uniform coating of PLA with a 4–10 µm thickness. A stainless-steel tube (AISI 316L) was laser-cut, electropolished, and dip-coated in a polylactic acid (PLA) solution whilst changing the process parameters. The samples were characterized to examine the coating’s uniformity, thickness, surface roughness, weight, and chemical composition. FTIR and Raman investigations indicated the presence of PLA on the stent’s surface, the chemical stability of PLA during the coating process, and the absence of residual chloroform in the coatings. Additionally, the water contact angle was measured to determine the hydrophilicity of the coating. Our results indicate that, when using entry and withdrawal speeds of 500 mm min−1 and a 15 s immersion time, a uniform coating thickness was achieved throughout the tube and in the stent with an average thickness of 7.8 µm.

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Computational fluid dynamics of coronary arteries with implanted stents: Effects of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian blood flows

Ahadi,

Biglari,

Azadi

et al. 2023

Engineering Reports

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This study introduces and compares computational fluid dynamics of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian blood flows in coronary arteries, with and without considering stents. Three blood flow models, including Newtonian, Carreau, and non‐Newtonian power‐law models, were simulated to investigate their effect, and the solution algorithm includes drawing the geometry, creating the desired mesh, and then simulating Newtonian and non‐Newtonian blood flow different models and comparing them with each other, is presented in the article. A Newtonian fluid model has been commonly used in the simulation of blood flow, whereas blood has non‐Newtonian properties due to the nature of a solution containing suspended particles. The goal of this research is to investigate the differences between the models built with Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluid assumptions. In addition, a stent was designed and the effect of the stent on blood flow parameters was investigated for all three flow models, including Newtonian, Carreau, and non‐Newtonian power‐law models. Stents are medical devices that can be placed in arteries to open up blood flow in a blocked vessel. Stents can affect the wall shear stress. Knowing the slight deformation of the shear stress makes the importance of stent implantation and also helps to optimize the design of the intravascular stent, which can affect the occlusion of the vessels. The distribution of the velocity, pressure, and wall shear stress in all blood flow models with and without considering the effect of stents have been investigated and finally compared. Therefore, in general, the innovation of this article is to find the effect of implanted stents on blood flow parameters with different blood flow models, both Newtonian and non‐Newtonian. A comparison of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian flows showed that in the case of the Carreau non‐Newtonian model, the wall shear stress was higher. In addition, in the results of the geometric model with a stent effect compared to the geometric model without a stent effect, it is evident that there was a higher velocity and wall shear stress.

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Evaluation of coronary stents: A review of types, materials, processing techniques, design, and problems

Cited by 15 publications

References 112 publications

Strategies for surface coatings of implantable cardiac medical devices

Strategies for surface coatings of implantable cardiac medical devices

A Study of PLA Thin Film on SS 316L Coronary Stents Using a Dip Coating Technique

Computational fluid dynamics of coronary arteries with implanted stents: Effects of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian blood flows

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