Evaluation of CCHP systems performance based on operational cost, primary energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emission by utilizing an optimal operation scheme

A Technology Selection and Operation (TSO) optimisation model for distributed energy systems: Mathematical formulation and case study

“…There is an extensive amount of literature describing different approaches for designing DES, ranging from standard recommendations to simulations [1,[4][5][6] and mathematical programming models [2,[7][8][9]11]. A broad range of factors integrate and influence DES design: diverse energy technologies, types of application (i.e.…”

“…fixed or variable) and time periods of study among others. A great part of the literature available on DES incorporates fuelled co-generation units; these include combined heat and power (CHP), mainly gas-engine [1,8,11], or a variation of this such as combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) [4,5,12]. Although some of the studies included the integration of other types of elements such as renewable energy technologies (e.g.…”

“…Cho et al [5] and Hueffed and Mago [6] provided simulations of different operational strategies under different unit sizes to evaluate impacts in annual cost, primary energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. These work under fixed energy prices.…”

“…Electricity and heat production from the technologies are the result of the multiplication of variable and the parameters power output, 4 , or heat output, 5 , respectively, shown in Equations (3) and (4).…”

“…Simulations and mixed-integer programming (MIP) optimization models have assisted decision-makers in such tasks [1,2,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Diverse features and levels of complexity have been explored; the simplest model approaches consider constant energy demands and fixed energy costs while complex approaches consider fluctuating energy prices, variable energy demands, part-load efficiency integration, a carbon price and the possibility of selling electricity exported to the grid.…”