Evaluation of cardiovascular effects of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol or a combination of ketamine-medetomidine-propofol in horses

Umar, Mohammed A.; Yamashita, Kazuto; Kushiro, Tokiko; Muir, William W.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.68.2.121

Cited by 35 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…(2007). Cardiac index was also within a similar range or even higher compared with studies in horses using other anaesthesia protocols (Hillidge & Lees 1975; Umar et al. 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

A study of cardiovascular function under controlled and spontaneous ventilation in isoflurane–medetomidine anaesthetized horses

Kalchofner

Picek

Ringer

et al. 2009

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

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Objective To determine, in mildly hypercapnic horses under isoflurane–medetomidine balanced anaesthesia, whether there is a difference in cardiovascular function between spontaneous ventilation (SV) and intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). Study design Prospective randomized clinical study. Animals Sixty horses, undergoing elective surgical procedures under general anaesthesia: ASA classification I or II. Methods Horses were sedated with medetomidine and anaesthesia was induced with ketamine and diazepam. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and a constant rate infusion of medetomidine. Horses were assigned to either SV or IPPV for the duration of anaesthesia. Horses in group IPPV were maintained mildly hypercapnic (arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) 50–60 mmHg, 6.7–8 kPa). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was maintained above 70 mmHg by an infusion of dobutamine administered to effect. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), arterial blood pressure and inspiratory and expiratory gases were monitored continuously. A bolus of ketamine was administered when horses showed nystagmus. Cardiac output was measured using lithium dilution. Arterial blood‐gas analysis was performed regularly. Recovery time was noted and recovery quality scored. Results There were no differences between groups concerning age, weight, body position during anaesthesia and anaesthetic duration. Respiratory rate was significantly higher in group IPPV. Significantly more horses in group IPPV received supplemental ketamine. There were no other significant differences between groups. All horses recovered from anaesthesia without complications. Conclusions There was no difference in cardiovascular function in horses undergoing elective surgery during isoflurane–medetomidine anaesthesia with SV in comparison with IPPV, provided the horses are maintained slightly hypercapnic. Clinical relevance In horses with health status ASA I and II, cardiovascular function under general anaesthesia is equal with or without IPPV if the PaCO2 is maintained at 50–60 mmHg.

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“…(2007). Cardiac index was also within a similar range or even higher compared with studies in horses using other anaesthesia protocols (Hillidge & Lees 1975; Umar et al. 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

A study of cardiovascular function under controlled and spontaneous ventilation in isoflurane–medetomidine anaesthetized horses

Kalchofner

Picek

Ringer

et al. 2009

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

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“…However, recovery from anesthesia is uneventful and generally typified by good skeletal muscle strength and minimum ataxia in horses anesthetized with propofol for prolonged periods [4-7, 11, 26-29, 36, 37]. Furthermore, cardiovascular function is maintained in horses anesthetized with propofol and supplemental sedatives and analgesics during controlled ventilation [4,37].…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Bispectral Index (BIS) as an Indicator of Central Nervous System Depression in Horses Anesthetized with Propofol

et al. 2009

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ABSTRACT. The bispectral index (BIS) was evaluated as an indicator of central nervous system (CNS) depression in horses anesthetized with propofol. Five non-premedicated horses were anesthetized with 7 mg/kg, IV propofol and the minimum infusion rate (MIR) of propofol required to maintain anesthesia was determined during intermittent positive pressure ventilation in each horse. The BIS was determined 20 min later and after stabilization at 2.0 MIR, 1.5 MIR, and 1.0 MIR. The BIS was also recorded after the cessation of propofol infusion when the horses regained spontaneous breathing and swallowing reflex. The MIR and plasma concentration (Cp) of propofol were 0.20  0.03 mg/kg/min and 17.5  4.0 g/ml, respectively. The BIS value and Cp were 59  13 and 26.7  8.6 g/ml at 2.0 MIR, 63  9 and 22.9  9.7 g/ml at 1.5 MIR, 64  13 and 20.1  5.9 g/ml at 1.0 MIR, 64  24 and 13.0  2.8 g/ml at return of spontaneous breathing, and 91  4 and 11.0  3.4 g/ml when the swallowing reflex returned, respectively. The BIS value was significantly less in anesthetized horses compared to horses once swallowing returned (p=0.025). The BIS value was significantly correlated with the propofol Cp (r=-0.625, p=0.001). There was not a significant difference in the BIS values during the MIR multiples of propofol. The BIS was a useful indicator of awakening but did not indicate the degree of CNS depression during propofol-anesthesia in horses.KEY WORDS: bispectral index (BIS), equine, propofol.

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“…2002), it is possible that administration of injectable anaesthetic drugs, throughout the maintenance period with inhalation anaesthesia could result in greater stability of the cardiovascular system and better quality of recovery and outcome (Taylor et al. 1998; Umar et al. 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of cardiovascular function and quality of recovery in isoflurane‐anaesthetised horses administered a constant rate infusion of lidocaine or lidocaine and medetomidine during elective surgery

Valverde

Rickey

Sinclair

et al. 2010

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Evaluation of cardiovascular effects of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol or a combination of ketamine-medetomidine-propofol in horses

Abstract: Cardiovascular measurements remained within acceptable values in artificially ventilated horses during P-TIVA or KMP-TIVA. Decreased cardiac output associated with KMP-TIVA was primarily the result of decreases in heart rate.

Cited by 35 publications

References 24 publications

A study of cardiovascular function under controlled and spontaneous ventilation in isoflurane–medetomidine anaesthetized horses

A study of cardiovascular function under controlled and spontaneous ventilation in isoflurane–medetomidine anaesthetized horses

Evaluation of Bispectral Index (BIS) as an Indicator of Central Nervous System Depression in Horses Anesthetized with Propofol

Comparison of cardiovascular function and quality of recovery in isoflurane‐anaesthetised horses administered a constant rate infusion of lidocaine or lidocaine and medetomidine during elective surgery

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