Evaluation of Bispectral Index (BIS) as an Indicator of Central Nervous System Depression in Horses Anesthetized with Propofol

Yamashita, Kazuto; Akashi, Natsuki; Katayama, Yumiko; Uchida, Yoshiyuki; Umar, Mohammed A.; Itami, Takaharu; Inoue, Hiroki; Samś, R. A.; Muir, William W.

doi:10.1292/jvms.001465

Cited by 20 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Yamashita et al [20] reported that BIS monitoring was an indicator to detect intraoperative awareness but did not show the degree of CNS depression. In this study, BIS value decreased parallel to depth of anesthesia and no reflex response was present related to anesthesia either in dogs of ISO group or PRO group during surgical procedure.…”

Section: Tablo 1 Propofol Ve Izofluran Gruplarında Kalp Frekansı Somentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Propofol and Isoflurane Anesthesia Depth with Bispectral Index Monitorization in Dogs Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy Procedure

Saritaş¹,

Yilmaz²,

Korkmaz³

et al. 2014

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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SummaryIn this study, 12 bitches were used to compare anesthetic depth by bispectral index (BIS) monitoring and vital parameters under propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. The animals were randomly divided into two groups (n=6) for ovariohysterectomy. All animals were premedicated with atropine sulphate (0.04 mg/kg, sc) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg, iv). The induction of anesthesia was achieved by propofol (5 mg/kg, iv) in groups. General anesthesia was maintained with propofol (0.4 mg/kg/min.) in first group (PRO group) and 2% isoflurane in second group (ISO group). Non-invasive systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) and BIS were measured before anesthesia (0 min, T0), maintenance of anesthesia (T5, T10, T15), end of anesthesia (T30) and additionally BIS also measured at 5 min after the terminating of anesthesia (T35). HR, RR, SAP and DAP did not significantly differ between groups. The MAP value did not show any significant difference within both groups. However, the MAP value detected on T5, T10, T15 and T30 was higher in PRO group than those detected in ISO group (P<0.05). The BIS values detected at all measured times in PRO and ISO groups were lower than those detected before anesthesia. The BIS value detected on T5 and T10 was higher in ISO group, whereas the value determined at T15 was higher in PRO group (P<0.05). In conclusion, it is suggested that bispectral index is a useful tool for monitoring depth of anesthesia in veterinary practice and total intravenous anesthesia with propofol may be used as an alternative to isoflurane anesthesia. Keywords: Bispectral Index, Dog, Isoflurane, Propofol Ovariohisterektomi Yapılan Köpeklerde Propofol ve İzofloran Anestezisinin Derinliğinin Bispektral İndeks Monitörizasyonu ile Belirlenmesi ÖzetBu çalışmada, propofol ve izofluran anestezisinde anestezi derinliğinin bispektral indeks (BIS) ve vital parametrelerin izlenmesi ile karşılaştırılması için 12 adet dişi köpek kullanıldı. Hayvanlar ovariohisterektomi operasyonu için rastgele iki gruba bölündü (n=6 her grupta). Hayvanlar atropin sülfat (0.04 mg/kg, sc) ve midazolam (0.3 mg/kg, iv) ile premedike edildi. Anestezi indüksiyonu gruplarda propofol (5 mg/kg, iv) ile sağlandı. Genel anestezi ilk grupta propofol (PRO grubu) ile ikinci grupta %2 izofluran (ISO grubu) ile devam ettirildi. Non-invaziv sistolik (SAP), diastolik (DAP), ortalama arteriyel kan basıncı (MAP), nabız sayısı (HR), solunum sayısı (RR), hemoglobin oksijen saturasyonu (SpO 2 ) ve BIS anestezi öncesi (0. dakika, T0), anestezi boyunca (T5, T10, T15) ve anestezi sonunda (T30) ölçülürken BIS ölçümü anestezi sonlandırıldıktan 5 dakika sonra (T35) da ölçüldü. HR, RR, SAP ve DAP değerleri gruplar arasında farklılık göstermedi. MAP değeri her iki grup içinde istatiktiksel olarak farklılık oluşturmadı. Bununla birlikte, T5, T10, T15 ve T30 ölçüm zamanlarında PRO grubundaki MAP değerinin ISO grubuna göre yüksek olduğu belirlendi (P<0.05). PRO ve ISO gruplar...

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Section: Tablo 1 Propofol Ve Izofluran Gruplarında Kalp Frekansı Somentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Propofol and Isoflurane Anesthesia Depth with Bispectral Index Monitorization in Dogs Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy Procedure

Saritaş¹,

Yilmaz²,

Korkmaz³

et al. 2014

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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“…However, there are studies in which BIS is used as the target variable for closed-loop control of hypnotic drugs' administration. 60,61 Regarding animals, the application of BIS during general anaesthesia has been investigated in a diversity of species including studies of BIS monitoring in horses, 62,63 pigs, 27,64 -67 In dogs, an inverse relationship between BIS values and multiples of isoflurane 72 and sevoflurane 71 was found. In pigs, a correlation between isoflurane and BIS was found, although no correlation was found between a numerical clinical scale and the values of BIS.…”

Section: Human Anaesthesia Commercial Monitors Bispectral Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In animals, it is difficult to use adhesive electrodes without shaving the head skin. Subdermal needle electrodes have been adopted especially in dogs, 72,96 horses 63,97,98 and cats. 76 Subdermal needle electrodes have the advantage of dispensing with clipping the head fur, which is important in the case of companion and racing animals where appearance of the animal is important and also the fact that the conducting electrode tip is bathed directly in tissue fluid, improving the interface between the generator and recording system.…”

Section: Ioc-view Monitormentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroencephalogram-based anaesthetic depth monitoring in laboratory animals

Silva

Antunes

2012

Lab Anim

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Objective measurements of physiological parameters controlled by the autonomic nervous system such as blood pressure, heart rate and respiration are easily obtained nowadays during anaesthesia by the use of monitors: oscillometers, pulseoximeters, electrocardiograms and capnographs are available for laboratory animals. However, the effect-site of hypnotic drugs that cause general anaesthesia is the central nervous system (the brain). In the present, the adjustment of hypnotic drugs in veterinary anaesthesia is performed according to subjective evaluation of clinical signs which are not direct reflexes of anaesthetic effects on the brain, making depth of anaesthesia (DoA) assessment a complicated task. The difficulties in assessing the real anaesthetic state of a laboratory animal may not only result in welfare-threatening situations, such as awareness and pain sensation during surgery, but also in a lack of standardization of experimental conditions, as it is not easy to keep all animals from an experiment in the same DoA without a measure of anaesthetic effect. A direct measure of this dose -effect relationship, although highly necessary, is still missing in the veterinary market. Meanwhile, research has been intense in this subject and methods based on the brain electrical activity (electroencephalogram) have been explored in laboratory animal species. The objective of this review is to explain the achievements made in this topic and clarify how far we are from an objective measure of DoA for animals. The existence of an objective measure of depth of anaesthesia (DoA) for laboratory animals is imperative in order to provide accurate titration of anaesthetic drugs and avoid waking during surgery or overdosage, contributing to the refinement of experiments. Objective measures also diminish the workload and the quantity of anaesthetics administered, allow better outcomes and enable the development of automated systems for anaesthesia delivery. Furthermore, in laboratory animal anaesthesia a precise adjustment of the DoA is essential to keep all animals in an experiment under the same conditions to avoid bias in the results and allow a reduction in the number of animals required to achieve sufficient statistical power.A direct measure of this dose -effect relationship is still missing in veterinary anaesthesia, but research has begun to be carried out, particularly regarding the investigation of methods based on the spontaneous electrical activity of the brain (electroencephalogram [EEG]). The objective of this review is to discuss the achievements made in this topic and clarify how far we are from an objective measure of DoA for animals.

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“…It is also reported that the BIS correctly predicts the degree of CNS depression associated with isoflurane-induced anesthesia [4, 12, 18]. On the other hand, the BIS has been reported as an unreliable indicator of anesthetic depth during propofol or isoflurane anesthesia in horses [6, 19]. Others report that BIS indicates hypnosis levels but does not predict intraoperative movement during halothane and sevoflurane anesthesia in horses [1].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on a previous report, BIS values were measured using subdermal spiral needle electrodes (TN204-035, Unique Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) in all horses [19]. These electrodes were placed on the frontal and temporal cephalic regions and connected to a BIS monitor (A-3000, Aspect Medical Systems, Natick, MA, U.S.A.).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the bispectral index as an indicator of anesthetic depth in Thoroughbred horses anesthetized with sevoflurane

Tokushige

Kakizaki

Ode

et al. 2016

JES

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To evaluate the bispectral index (BIS) as an indicator of anesthetic depth in Thoroughbred horses, BIS values were measured at multiple stages of sevoflurane anesthesia in five horses anesthetized with guaifenesin and thiopental following premedication with xylazine. There was no significant difference between the BIS values recorded at end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations of 2.8% (median 60 ranging from 47 to 68) and 3.5% (median 71 ranging from 49 to 82) in anesthetized horses. These BIS values during anesthesia were significantly lower (P<0.01) than those in awake horses (median 98 ranging from 98 to 98) or sedated horses (median 92 ranging from 80 to 93). During the recovery phase, the BIS values gradually increased over time but did not significantly increase until the horses showed movement. In conclusion, the BIS value could be useful as an indicator of awakening during the recovery period in horses, as previous reported.

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Evaluation of Bispectral Index (BIS) as an Indicator of Central Nervous System Depression in Horses Anesthetized with Propofol

Cited by 20 publications

References 37 publications

Determination of Propofol and Isoflurane Anesthesia Depth with Bispectral Index Monitorization in Dogs Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy Procedure

Determination of Propofol and Isoflurane Anesthesia Depth with Bispectral Index Monitorization in Dogs Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy Procedure

Electroencephalogram-based anaesthetic depth monitoring in laboratory animals

Validation of the bispectral index as an indicator of anesthetic depth in Thoroughbred horses anesthetized with sevoflurane

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