Evaluation of cardiopulmonary and inflammatory markers in dogs with heartworm infection during treatment with the 2014 American Heartworm Society recommended treatment protocol

Yoon, Won-Kyoung; Kim, Ye-Won; Suh, Sang-I L; Choi, Ran; Lee, Seung-Gon; Hyun, Changbaig

doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2427-7

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…A striking increase in CRP and decrease in albumin and paraoxonase-1 activity have been observed in canine heartworm disease [ 22 ]. CRP levels are elevated in canine heartworm disease because of inflammation involved in the pathogenesis [ 23 ]. Heartworm disease leads to pulmonary hypertension and, in the late stage, may induce right-side cardiac insufficiency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum protein profiles and C-reactive protein in natural canine filariasis

et al. 2021

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Background and Aim: Canine filariasis is caused by several species of filarial worms. The pathophysiological response to infection is mainly due to the filaria lifecycle. Laboratory detection methods to assess the pathological alterations characteristic of filariasis are needed urgently. Serum protein profiles and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are used widely to diagnose several animal diseases. This study aimed to determine the serum protein profiles and CRP levels in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis or Brugia pahangi or both parasites. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 980 dogs presenting at animal hospitals and veterinary clinics in Bangkok and its vicinity. The presence of microfilaria in samples was determined using a buffy coat smear and staining with Wright–Giemsa. The sheathed and unsheathed microfilaria species were identified by acid phosphatase staining. Forty positive samples were tested. The serum protein profiles were identified by agarose gel electrophoresis. The CRP concentration was measured using a fluorescent immunoassay. Results: Albumin levels and albumin-to-globulin ratios were significantly lower, and total protein, β2 globulin, and γ globulin levels were significantly elevated in dogs infected with D. immitis and B. pahangi compared with reference values in normal dogs. The average CRP concentrations in dogs infected with D. immitis or B. pahangi were 69.9 and 12.9 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion: The total protein and γ globulin levels increased in canine filariasis compared with the normal reference range. The CRP concentration in dogs infected with D. immitis was extremely high, whereas that in dog infected with B. pahangi was normal.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum protein profiles and C-reactive protein in natural canine filariasis

et al. 2021

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“…One dog had asymptomatic heartworm disease, considered Stage I, and not treated at the time of sample collection. An investigation of inflammatory markers in dogs with heartworm disease that IL‐6 was not increased compared to normal dogs at the time of diagnosis, and increased following therapy (Yoon et al., ). Based on this data, the impact of untreated Stage I heartworm disease in one dog in this study is expected to be minimal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dogs with osteosarcoma have altered pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine profiles

Axiak‐Bechtel

Mathew

Amorim

et al. 2019

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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BackgroundCurrent advances in immunotherapy are an exciting area of study in canine osteosarcoma (OSA). The objective of this study was to determine the immune response in dogs with osteosarcoma by measuring stimulated leukocyte production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐10 and TNF and IL‐6 to IL‐10 ratios.MethodsWhole blood was collected from dogs with osteosarcoma receiving non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, n = 11), dogs with osteosarcoma not receiving NSAIDs (n = 14) and healthy dogs (n = 5).ResultsNo difference in TNF production was found among healthy and OSA dogs regardless of NSAID administration following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (p = .410), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) (p = .693) or PBS (p = .120). Leukocyte IL‐6 production was greater in all dogs with OSA after stimulation with LPS (p = .015), LTA (p = .014) and PBS (p = .034) with no difference between OSA dogs receiving NSAIDs and those not. No differences in IL‐10 were found among healthy controls and dogs with OSA regardless of NSAID use. There was no difference among groups for LPS‐stimulated TNF to IL‐10 ratios (p = .407). For LTA‐stimulated leukocytes, the TNF to IL‐10 ratio was lower in dogs with OSA than in healthy dogs (p = .031) with no difference between OSA NSAID dogs compared to OSA non‐NSAID dogs (p = .059). No differences were found in LPS (p = .310)‐ or LTA (p = .265)‐stimulated leukocyte IL‐6 to IL‐10 production ratios among groups.ConclusionsDogs with osteosarcoma have an altered pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory immunologic profile compared to healthy dogs regardless of NSAID use. Further study is indicated to determine the potential prognostic and therapeutic implications of these findings.

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“…Biomarkers have been used as a measure of the severity of cardiopulmonary changes in HWD (61,(101)(102)(103)(104). These have not been measured during moxi-doxy treatment but were assessed in dogs given IVM-doxy (61).…”

Section: Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was more frequently the case for dogs with Class 3 HWD ( 61 ). In both studies, dogs treated with melarsomine showed significant reductions in biomarkers over the course of treatment, with improvements considered to be markedly better than for IVM-doxy (a direct comparison was not performed) ( 61 , 104 ). These findings support other evidence that less cardiopulmonary damage occurs in melarsomine-based treatment protocols.…”

Section: Safety Welfare and Population Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Accessible Alternative to Melarsomine: “Moxi-Doxy” for Treatment of Adult Heartworm Infection in Dogs

Jacobson

DiGangi

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Canine heartworm infection, caused by the filarial parasite Dirofilaria immitis, represents a serious and expanding animal welfare concern that is expected to increase due to the effects of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic. A body of evidence has emerged to support the use of a non-arsenical adulticide treatment protocol, using moxidectin and doxycycline to kill adult heartworms over a prolonged period. While a three-dose protocol using the arsenical drug melarsomine is currently the safest and most effective treatment for heartworm infection, this drug is not available in some countries and is inaccessible for many owners and animal shelters. Moxidectin-doxycycline (moxi-doxy) provides a viable alternative to no treatment at all, in cases where arsenical treatment is not possible. Based on current evidence, the most effective non-arsenical treatment regimen is doxycycline 10 mg/kg PO q 12 or 24 h for 28 days, combined with topical moxidectin at label dose. Moxidectin is repeated monthly until no antigen detected (NAD) status is confirmed. Sustained release injectable moxidectin, in combination with doxycycline, may provide an alternative in remote regions or in settings where significant compliance or accessibility concerns exist, but more studies are needed. In moxi-doxy protocols, doxycycline should be repeated annually until NAD. This review summarizes the safety and efficacy of moxi-doxy, addresses controversies surrounding this treatment approach, and provides detailed recommendations for treatment regimens and post-treatment testing.

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Evaluation of cardiopulmonary and inflammatory markers in dogs with heartworm infection during treatment with the 2014 American Heartworm Society recommended treatment protocol

Cited by 9 publications

References 26 publications

Serum protein profiles and C-reactive protein in natural canine filariasis

Serum protein profiles and C-reactive protein in natural canine filariasis

Dogs with osteosarcoma have altered pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine profiles

An Accessible Alternative to Melarsomine: “Moxi-Doxy” for Treatment of Adult Heartworm Infection in Dogs

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