Evaluation of biocompatibility and degradation of chitosan nanofiber membrane crosslinked with genipin

Abstract

Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide, has demonstrated potential as a degradable biocompatible guided bone regeneration membrane. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo biocompatibility and degradation of chitosan nanofiber membranes, with and without genipin crosslinking as compared with a commercial collagen membrane in rat model. Chitosan nanofiber membranes, with and without genipin crosslinking, and collagen membrane (control) were implanted subcutaneously in the backs of 30 rats. The membranes were analyzed histologically at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks. Sections were viewed and graded by a blinded pathologist using a 4-point scoring system (0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe) to determine the tissue reaction to the membranes and to observe membrane degradation. There was no statistically significant difference in histological scores among chitosan and collagen membranes at different time points. Absence or minimal inflammation was observed in 57-74% of the membranes across all groups. Most chitosan membranes persisted for 16-20 weeks, whereas most collagen membranes disappeared by resorption at 12-16 weeks. The general tissue response to chitosan nanofiber membranes with and without genipin crosslinking, was similar to that of control commercial collagen membrane. However, the chitosan membranes exhibited slower degradation rates than collagen membranes.

Electrical stimulation of adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells co‐cultured in a conductive scaffold for potential orthopaedic applications

“…CS has excellent biocompatibility and has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for biomedical applications in the human body (Dornish, Kaplan, & Arepalli, ). The results in Figure (b, c) are consistent with previous in vitro and in vivo studies where the biocompatibility of genipin cross‐linked CS and PPY was confirmed (Bavariya et al, ; Chen et al, ; Vaitkuviene et al, ).…”

“…The in vitro degradation profiles of the scaffolds in PBS containing 10 μg/ml lysozyme at 37 °C are shown in Figure a. After 10 weeks, the CS scaffold lost 20% of its original weight; degradation is predominantly via lysozyme‐induced hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages (Bavariya et al, ). For the PPY/XCS scaffold, 15% weight loss was observed after 10 weeks of incubation; this degradation profile is considered acceptable as ES treatment for bone healing usually lasts for less than 3 months (Goldstein, Sprague, & Petrisor, ).…”

Genipin-crosslinked electrospun chitosan nanofibers: Determination of crosslinking conditions and evaluation of cytocompatibility

“…This may contribute to improved resistance in enzymatic degradation especially for the cases of higher concentrations of GP were used for crosslinking the nanofibrous CTS. Our observation is in accordance with previously reported decrease in CTS degradation due to the GP-crosslinking of CTS (Bavariya et al, 2014;Mi et al, 2001).…”

“…8. MTT assay of L929 fibroblasts cultured on nanofibrous CTS scaffold, GP (0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) crosslinked nanofibrous CTS scaffolds, and tissue culture plate (TCP) after culturing for 1, 4 and 7 d. * Indicates P < 0.05 and ** indicates P < 0.01. responses as compared with the commercial collagen membrane in rat model (Bavariya et al, 2014). Thus, our current in vitro cytocompatibility results are in agreement with other groups reported that incorporation of GP improved the biocompability of various CTS formulations (Yan et al, 2010).…”

“…Moreover, the GP-crosslinked tissue had an impressive mechanical strength and resistance against in vitro enzymatic degradation compared to the GTA-crosslinked tissues (Sung, Huang, Huang, Tsai, & Chiu, 1998). However, although crosslinking CTS with GP has been proposed to be a better replacement for GTA to prepare CTS scaffolds with improved performance for some years (Mi, Tan, Liang, Huang, & Sung, 2001), this approach was attempted only recently for crosslinking CTS in the nanofibrous form (Austero, Donius, Wegst, & Schauer, 2012;Bavariya et al, 2014;Frohbergh et al, 2012;Norowski, Mishra, Adatrow, Haggard, & Bumgardner, 2012). With different crosslinking procedures performed, varied results were obtained with poor comparability.…”