Evaluation of anesthetic, analgesic, and cardiorespiratory effects in dogs after intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine–butorphanol–tiletamine-zolazepam or dexmedetomidine-tramadol-ketamine drug combinations

Krimins, Rebecca; Ko, Jonathan; Weil, Ann B.; Payton, Mark E.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.73.11.1707

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Lower injectable anesthetic doses tend to reduce side effects. Although tiletamine and dexmedetomidine provide some analgesia, 22 adding tramadol, a weak mu opioid agonist, will provide multimodal analgesia. Because multimodal analgesia improves pain relief, reduces overall analgesic requirement, and limits side effects leading to improved surgical outcomes, 23 the ZDT combination provides multimodal analgesia through alpha‐2, 24 NMDA, 25 and opioid receptors 26 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because multimodal analgesia improves pain relief, reduces overall analgesic requirement, and limits side effects leading to improved surgical outcomes, 23 the ZDT combination provides multimodal analgesia through alpha‐2, 24 NMDA, 25 and opioid receptors 26 . A common dexmedetomidine side effect is bradycardia 22,27,28 ; therefore, we selected tramadol as it does not have a strong effect on the cardiovascular system and tramadol is fast‐acting opioid with an onset of action within 30‐60 minutes, which is appropriate for minor procedures 13 . As a weak mu opioid agonist given SC, bradycardia should not be potentiated by tramadol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tiletamine/zolazepam and dexmedetomidine with tramadol provide effective general anesthesia in rats

Limprasutr

Sharp²,

Jampachaisri

et al. 2021

Anim Models and Exp Med

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Background Tiletamine/zolazepam is a dissociative anesthetic combination commonly used in small animals but information is limited in rats. The alpha‐2 agonist, dexmedetomidine, has gained popularity in laboratory animal anesthesia. Tramadol is a weak opioid mu agonist. The aim of this study was to assess whether the tiletamine/zolazepam/dexmedetomidine (ZD) combination effectively provides a surgical anesthesia plane comparable to tiletamine/zolazepam/dexmedetomidine with tramadol (ZDT) in a minor procedure in rats. Methods Rats were induced with ZD or ZDT. After the loss of paw withdrawal, a small incision was made on the rats’ left thighs as a surgical stimulus. Rats were maintained under a surgical anesthesia plane by assessing the loss of the paw withdrawal reflex for 45 minutes, then atipamezole was administered. Monitored anesthesia parameters included: (a) physiological parameters – pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (RR), tissue oxygen saturation (%SpO2), and body temperature; (b) duration parameters – induction time, onset and duration of surgical anesthesia plane, onset of recovery, and recovery time. Results PR was significantly lower at 10 minutes in ZD and 5 minutes in ZDT groups. No difference was observed for RR, %SpO2, and body temperature. Likewise, there were no differences for duration parameters: induction time was less than 3 minutes; onset and duration of surgical anesthesia plane were approximately 5 and 45 minutes, respectively; onset of recovery (time to move) was 51 minutes; and recovery time was 52 minutes, respectively. Conclusion These data suggest the ZD combination provides a surgical anesthesia plane comparable to ZDT in a rat incisional pain model.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tiletamine/zolazepam and dexmedetomidine with tramadol provide effective general anesthesia in rats

Limprasutr

Sharp²,

Jampachaisri

et al. 2021

Anim Models and Exp Med

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“…This is because DEX can reduce intraoperative hypertension response in cirrhotic patients, and regulate the elevated BP by activating the α 2 receptor in the motor neuron complex. At the same time, DEX can produce hypnosis effect by activating K + channel to promote K + signal conduction, and activating endogenous sleep-promoting pathway to produce hypnotic effect, and the analgesic effect is significant ( 13 ). After entering cerebrospinal fluid, DEX can bind to the locus coeruleus α 2 receptor, which effectively inhibits histamine release from cortical and subcortical projection systems, and reduces sympathetic tone, and enhances vagal activity to achieve satisfactory intraoperative analgesic effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dexmedetomidine on perioperative stress response, inflammation and immune function in patients with different degrees of liver cirrhosis

et al. 2018

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Effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on perioperative stress response, inflammation and immune function in patients with different degrees of liver cirrhosis were investigated. A total of 94 patients with liver cirrhosis who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from December 2016 to November 2017 were included, and randomly divided into control and observation group (n=47). Patients in control group were given remifentanil for anesthesia, while patients in observation group were treated with remifentanil and for DEX anesthesia. Venous blood was collected immediately before induction of anesthesia (T1), 10 min (T2) after the beginning of surgery, immediately after surgery (T3) and 2 h after surgery (T4). Hemodynamic parameters, stress response factors, adverse reactions and levels of inflammatory cytokines and T lymphocyte subsets were compared between the two groups. The mean arterial pressure in both groups was lower at T2-T4 than that at T1 (p<0.05), and mean arterial pressure was lower in observation group than in control group (p<0.05). Visual analogue pain score (VAS) of observation group was significantly lower than that of control group at 6, 12 and 24 h after operation (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in incidence of nausea, vomiting, hypoxemia and delayed awakening (p>0.05). Incidence of postoperative agitation in observation group was significantly lower than that in control group (p<0.05). The levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ in both groups were significantly lower at T2-T4 than those at T1 (p<0.05). Levels of IL-10 and TNF-α in both groups were significantly higher at T2-T4 than those at T1, but levels of IL-2 and TNF-α were significantly lower in observation group than in control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the use of DEX for anesthesia in patients with liver cirrhosis can improve hemodynamic stability, reduce stress response and reduce inflammation level without affecting immune function, which has important clinical significance.

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“…However, tiletamine can cause depression in guinea pigs and rabbits (5,6). It is usually provided with zolazepam in veterinary settings as a narcotic sedative (tiletamine/zolazepam or Zoletil R ) for use as a shortterm anesthetic for surgical procedures in dogs (7)(8)(9). It has been observed that dexmedetomidine-butorphanol-tiletaminezolazepam (DBTZ) administered intramuscularly (IM) in healthy dogs rapidly induced short-term anesthesia and analgesia (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiopulmonary (No Ventilation) and Anesthetic Effects of Dexmedetomidine–Tiletamine in Dogs

Zhang

Bai

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine in combination with tiletamine (without zolazepam) as a general anesthetic. The study was divided into two phases. In Phase 1, 18 adult healthy mixed-breed dogs were randomly allocated into three groups: Group TD8 (4.5 mg kg−1 tiletamine and 8 μg kg−1 dexmedetomidine), Group TD10 (4.5 mg kg−1 tiletamine and 10 μg kg−1 dexmedetomidine), or Group TD12 (4.5 mg kg−1 tiletamine and 12 μg kg−1 dexmedetomidine). After drug administration, the heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2), behavioral score, quality of induction and recovery, extent of ataxia, the time taken for induction, and the duration of anesthesia were recorded. The recovery time and quality were recorded after administration of atipamezole (50 μg kg−1) after 60 min. In phase 2, the feasibility of combining dexmedetomidine (10 μg kg−1) and tiletamine (4.5 mg kg−1) as general anesthetics for orchiectomy was evaluated in dogs (n = 6). HR, fR, MAP, SAP, DAP, temperature, SpO2, behavioral scores, and adverse reactions were recorded during each surgical procedure. In phase 1, the dogs were anesthetized for 5 min after administration of drugs and achieved a maximum behavioral score in TD10 and TD12 after 10 min. Although HR, MAP, SAP, DAP, and NIBP decreased in all three groups, they still maintained within the normal range. In phase 2, orchiectomy was completed smoothly in all dogs with little fluctuation in the physiological variables. We found that a combination of tiletamine (4.5 mg kg−1) and dexmedetomidine (10 μg kg−1) intramuscularly induced moderate anesthesia in dogs and could be utilized for short-term anesthesia and minor surgery.

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Evaluation of anesthetic, analgesic, and cardiorespiratory effects in dogs after intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine–butorphanol–tiletamine-zolazepam or dexmedetomidine-tramadol-ketamine drug combinations

Abstract: DBTZ or DTrK rapidly induced short-term anesthesia and analgesia in healthy dogs. Further research is needed to assess efficacy of these drug combinations for surgical anesthesia. Supplemental 100% oxygen should be provided when DBTZ or DTrK are used.

Cited by 15 publications

References 13 publications

Tiletamine/zolazepam and dexmedetomidine with tramadol provide effective general anesthesia in rats

Tiletamine/zolazepam and dexmedetomidine with tramadol provide effective general anesthesia in rats

Effects of dexmedetomidine on perioperative stress response, inflammation and immune function in patients with different degrees of liver cirrhosis

Cardiopulmonary (No Ventilation) and Anesthetic Effects of Dexmedetomidine–Tiletamine in Dogs

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