Evaluation of Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing From the Security Perspective

Abstract

Additive manufacturing involves a new class of cyber-physical systems that manufacture 3D objects incrementally by depositing and fusing together thin layers of source material. In 2015, the global additive manufacturing industry had°5.165 billion in revenue, with 32.5% of all manufactured objects used as functional parts. Because of their reliance on computerization, additive manufacturing devices (or 3D printers) are susceptible to a broad range of attacks. The rapid adoption of additive manufacturing in aerospace, automotive and other industries makes it an attractive attack target and a critical asset to be protected. This chapter compares emerging additive manufacturing and traditional subtractive manufacturing from the security perspective. While the discussion compares the two manufacturing technologies, the emphasis is on additive manufacturing due to its expected dominance as the manufacturing technology of the future. The chapter outlines the additive and subtractive manufacturing workflows, proposes a framework for analyzing attacks on or using additive manufacturing systems and presents the major threat categories. In order to compare the two manufacturing paradigms from the security perspective, the differences between the two workflows are identified and the attack analysis framework is applied to demonstrate how the differences translate into threats. The analysis reveals that, while there is significant overlap with regard to security, fundamental differences in the two manufacturing paradigms require a separate investigation of additive manufacturing security.

Iot Device Security Risks: A Comprehensive Overview and Mitigation Strategies

“…In industrial IoT settings, where devices often operate in challenging environments, the risk of physical tampering becomes a significant concern. Unauthorized access to or manipulation of sensors, actuators, or other physical components can have far-reaching consequences, potentially compromising safety, disrupting critical processes, or causing equipment failure (Yampolskiy et al, 2017).…”

Carbon dots and miniaturizing fabrication of portable carbon dot-based devices for bioimaging, biosensing, heavy metal detection and drug delivery applications

“…In short, subtractive manufacturing will cut the big block of material into the desired size and shape of the structure, thus eliminating the assembly of materials from the consolidation of the fused powder or filament. 61 Besides, the standard techniques used for creating the pattern on the solid block are milling, drilling and boring. 62 Typically, machinery is required for the engraving processes of the solid block.…”

“…This method is highly dependent on the machinery tools as they will significantly determine the precision of the dimensions and geometry of the structure. 61,67 Similar to micro-moulding, it requires a minimum tolerance precision on a sub-micron scale. There are many variations of micromachining, such as laser micromachining, micro electro-discharge machining and micro ultrasonic machining.…”

A Metal Powder Bed Fusion Process in Industry: Qualification Considerations

“…In the PBF processes, the powder in the build chamber that is not used to build a component is collected in a container. The unused powder particles, especially in the L-PBF, can form agglomerations [20][21][22][23][24]. A fine powder agglomerate is more likely to favor the formation of pores and voids during processing, due to the irregular shapes and variable dimensions of the formed agglomerates [25].…”