Evaluation of a nutritive oral rehydration solution for the treatment of calf diarrhoea

Brooks, Harriet; White, DG; Wagstaff, Antona J.; Michell, A.R.

doi:10.1016/s0007-1935(96)80123-0

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…These solutions promote enterocyte uptake of water via sodium and glucose-mediated cotransport. 1,2 Initially, isotonic solutions were recommended, which limited the glucose content and thus the caloric density of the product. More recently, hypertonic solutions, with higher glucose concentration, have been shown in calves to provide increased caloric intake without exacerbating intestinal fluid losses, as was originally feared.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…More recently, hypertonic solutions, with higher glucose concentration, have been shown in calves to provide increased caloric intake without exacerbating intestinal fluid losses, as was originally feared. 1,3 An alternative approach, currently employed in oral rehydration products used in human patients, is to avoid the ''osmotic penalty'' of increased glucose content by providing the carbohydrate in polysaccharide form, replacing the glucose with rice powder. 1,4,5 Studies in human patients have shown successful rehydration and reduced stool output after treatment with rice-based products.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,3 An alternative approach, currently employed in oral rehydration products used in human patients, is to avoid the ''osmotic penalty'' of increased glucose content by providing the carbohydrate in polysaccharide form, replacing the glucose with rice powder. 1,4,5 Studies in human patients have shown successful rehydration and reduced stool output after treatment with rice-based products. 6 Rice-based products are not widely used in bovine medicine.…”

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Tolerance of a Rice‐Based Oral Rehydration Solution Given to Normal Calves

Sweeney

2000

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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The objective of the study was to test the tolerance of a rice-based oral rehydration formula when fed to calves. Six healthy Holstein calves, 1 week of age, were fed the formula instead of milk replacer for 3 days. Pre-and posttreatment results of clinical examination and laboratory parameters were compared. Vital signs, attitude, appetite, clinical hydration status, urine specific gravity, and most routine serum biochemistry test results did not vary and remained within the normal range. Five of the 6 calves developed diarrhea when fed the rice-based formula, which was accompanied by a reduction in fecal pH and presence of reducing sugars in the feces. This effect was reversed when calves were returned to the milk replacer diet at the end of the study. Diarrhea was accompanied by increased water consumption, which allowed the calves to maintain normal hydration status. These results suggest that calves are unable to properly digest the rice-derived carbohydrate, and this type of formula is not recommended for oral rehydration of calves.Key words: Carbohydrate digestion; Diarrhea; Fluids.O ral fluid therapy has long been recognized as an important treatment modality for the correction of dehydration due to diarrhea in calves. Traditionally, products for oral rehydration have been composed of glucose and sodium-containing salts, similar to what has been recommended in the past by the World Health Organization for use in children. These solutions promote enterocyte uptake of water via sodium and glucose-mediated cotransport. 1,2Initially, isotonic solutions were recommended, which limited the glucose content and thus the caloric density of the product. More recently, hypertonic solutions, with higher glucose concentration, have been shown in calves to provide increased caloric intake without exacerbating intestinal fluid losses, as was originally feared.1,3 An alternative approach, currently employed in oral rehydration products used in human patients, is to avoid the ''osmotic penalty'' of increased glucose content by providing the carbohydrate in polysaccharide form, replacing the glucose with rice powder.1,4,5 Studies in human patients have shown successful rehydration and reduced stool output after treatment with rice-based products. Rice-based products are not widely used in bovine medicine. However, because of their availability and utility in other species, clinicians or producers may begin to use them. Numerous studies of milk replacer formulae conducted in the 1950s through the 1970s suggested that calves do not have the enzymes necessary to utilize dietary starch or maltose, the principal carbohydrates in rice.7-12 Therefore, rice-based oral rehydration solutions may result in maldigestion in calves. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of a rice-based oral rehydration formula in healthy calves when fed at normal (approximately isosmotic) concentration, and to determine the response to a higher caloric density (2 times isosmotic) formula. Materials and MethodsSix healthy Holstein calv...

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Tolerance of a Rice‐Based Oral Rehydration Solution Given to Normal Calves

Sweeney

2000

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Increased osmolarity is usually the result of adding glucose to the ORT, the additional energy from which can be valuable to the calf, particularly if milk feeding is reduced; however, it will not provide the animal's caloric requirements. Although there are concerns that hypertonic solutions may exacerbate diarrhoea due to the osmotic effect, they have been shown to be effective and to reduce weight loss in affected calves when compared to isotonic fluids (Brooks and others 1996, Constable and others 2001). As long as the total amount of glucose remains below the threshold for active small intestinal absorption, any osmotic effect in the colon seems unlikely.…”

Section: Oral Rehydration Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid therapy in calves

Hallowell¹,

Remnant²

2016

In Practice

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Fluid therapy is commonly performed in calves in farm animal practice. When critical care is considered for a sick calf, it is important to recognise whether the animal is hypovolaemic, dehydrated or both, as this will determine the treatment that is undertaken. This article discusses the various types of oral and intravenous fluids that can be used by farm animal practitioners to treat these conditions and describes how to decide which route is optimal and which types of fluid are likely to help achieve the best results.

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“…Brooks et al (1966) and (Constable et al, 2001). As diarrhoeic dehydration has different effects on calf vigour and fluid dynamics than for calves suffering dehydration secondary to milk deprivation (Fordyce et al, 2015), the fluid dynamics of the latter type of dehydration requires further investigation.…”

Section: Dehydration and Risk Of Neonatal Mortalitymentioning

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Dehydration as a risk factor for calf mortality in northern Australia

Muller¹

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It is estimated that approximately one million calves die in Australia every year, with the majority unexplained. This thesis reviews losses associated with dehydration-mediated mortality during neonatal life, when there is highest risk of mortality, and reports three studies of neonatal calf dehydration.For 12 neonatal Brahman calves at Spyglass research site (northern forest land type, Queensland), variation in hydration status was investigated (Experiment 1). Change in live-weight from birth was used as the primary measure of hydration. Half of this cohort had low live weight gain between birth and day 3 of life (p = 0.01) compared to calves growing at 0.95±0.24 kg/day from birth. Low growth and associated reduced plasma protein (p = 0.04) in 6 calves indicated reduced colostrum, milk uptake and therefore reduced body fluid replenishment compared to other calves. This positions them at high risk of mortality under adverse environmental conditions. Urea space was tested as a measure of body water; however, percentage body water estimates were unrealistically elevated (> 80% of live weight) and therefore not representative of actual calf percentage body water.Descriptive analysis of risk factors for calf mortality was conducted for 478 and 378 tropically adapted newborn calves, respectively at Spyglass and Brian Pastures (southern forest land type, central Queensland) research sites (Experiment 2). The incidence risk of neonatal mortality in the southern forest of Queensland and northern forest of Queensland was 3.1% and 4.7%, respectively. Some risk factors and the percentage of calves exposed to high mortality risk included: dam body condition score ≤2 (8%), birth weight ≤28 kg (18%), low birth vigour (2%), large udder size (1%), at least two large teats (2%) and poor maternal protectiveness (5%). The low proportion of cows in poor body condition and good nutritional management limited the opportunity for dehydration-mediated neonatal mortality. There were no cases of prolonged heat stress around calving at the level previously associated with foetal and calf mortality. Experiment 2 indicates that low calf mortality may be achieved in any country type, provided that a low proportion of calves are exposed to high risk of mortality. A simple mechanistic model was developed to describe milk uptake volumes and ambient temperature (heat stress) impacts on neonatal hydration. This model provided clarification for the possible risk of dehydration mediated mortality across breeding herds of northern Australia.This thesis demonstrated variation in milk delivery, modelled that low milk delivery is associated with dehydration-mediated mortality and demonstrated that risk of mortality is low at a herd level when the risk factors associated with reduced milk delivery have low frequency.3

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Evaluation of a nutritive oral rehydration solution for the treatment of calf diarrhoea

Cited by 26 publications

References 9 publications

Tolerance of a Rice‐Based Oral Rehydration Solution Given to Normal Calves

Tolerance of a Rice‐Based Oral Rehydration Solution Given to Normal Calves

Fluid therapy in calves

Dehydration as a risk factor for calf mortality in northern Australia

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