Evaluation of a new centrifuge technique for rapid generation of xylem vulnerability curves

Cochard, Hervé; Damour, Gaëlle; Bodet, C.; Ibrahim, Tharwat; Poirier, Magalie; Améglio, Thierry

doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2005.00526.x

Cited by 271 publications

(325 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Branches were expected to be representative in their vulnerability to droughtinduced embolism, as the formation of the last year ring was completed and the intraspecific variation in vulnerability of conifers overall seems to be small (Bouche et al, 2014). We used the Cavitron technique (Cochard et al, 2005;Beikircher et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2014) to test the effect of g on droughtinduced xylem embolism. Controls were measured with the same solution as for PLC measurements (see above), which had a g of 74 mN m 21 .…”

Section: Effects Of G On Drought-induced Xylem Embolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Xylem Sap Surface Tension May Be Crucial for Hydraulic Safety

et al. 2017

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The surface tension (g) of xylem sap plays a key role in stabilizing air-water interfaces at the pits between water-and gas-filled conduits to avoid air seeding at low water potentials. We studied seasonal changes in xylem sap g in Picea abies and Pinus mugo growing at the alpine timberline. We analyzed their vulnerability to drought-induced embolism using solutions of different g and estimated the potential effect of seasonal changes in g on hydraulic vulnerability. In both species, xylem sap g showed distinct seasonal courses between about 50 and 68 mN m 21 . Solutions with low g caused higher vulnerability to drought-induced xylem embolism. The water potential at 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity in P. abies and P. . This indicates up to about 1 MPa seasonal variation in 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity. The results revealed pronounced effects of changes in xylem sap g on the hydraulic safety of trees in situ. These effects also are relevant in vulnerability analyses, where the use of standard solutions with high g overestimates hydraulic safety. Thus, g should be considered carefully in hydraulic studies.

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Section: Effects Of G On Drought-induced Xylem Embolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, while, in some methods (e.g. Cavitron; Cochard et al, 2005), the xylem sap is exchanged by flushing, cut plant samples with their native xylem sap are used in others (e.g. bench dehydration; .…”

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confidence: 99%

Xylem Sap Surface Tension May Be Crucial for Hydraulic Safety

et al. 2017

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“…The static centrifuge technique (Alder et al, 1997) was applied when the conductance was too low (most of the grass species from France), while the cavitron (in situ flow centrifuge) technique (Cochard et al, 2005) was used for the other species because the hydraulic conductivity was high enough (Supplemental Table S1). Both centrifuge techniques are explained in Supplemental Text S1, and S-shaped VCs were fitted according to a sigmoid function (Pammenter and Vander Willigen, 1998).…”

Section: Embolism Resistance Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbaceous angiosperms are not more vulnerable to drought-induced embolism than angiosperm trees

Lens¹,

Picon‐Cochard²,

Delmas³

et al. 2016

Plant Physiol.

108

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The water transport pipeline in herbs is assumed to be more vulnerable to drought than in trees due to the formation of frequent embolisms (gas bubbles), which could be removed by the occurrence of root pressure, especially in grasses. Here, we studied hydraulic failure in herbaceous angiosperms by measuring the pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductance (P 50 ) in stems of 26 species, mainly European grasses (Poaceae). Our measurements show a large range in P 50 from 20.5 to 27.5 MPa, which overlaps with 94% of the woody angiosperm species in a worldwide, published data set and which strongly correlates with an aridity index. Moreover, the P 50 values obtained were substantially more negative than the midday water potentials for five grass species monitored throughout the entire growing season, suggesting that embolism formation and repair are not routine and mainly occur under water deficits. These results show that both herbs and trees share the ability to withstand very negative water potentials without considerable embolism formation in their xylem conduits during drought stress. In addition, structure-function trade-offs in grass stems reveal that more resistant species are more lignified, which was confirmed for herbaceous and closely related woody species of the daisy group (Asteraceae). Our findings could imply that herbs with more lignified stems will become more abundant in future grasslands under more frequent and severe droughts, potentially resulting in lower forage digestibility.

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“…In the rest of this article, we will use T 50 to indicate the tension at 50% loss of conductivity or T x to indicate the tension that induces x% loss of conductivity. Vulnerability curves (VCs) are usually measured by a centrifuge technique (Alder et al, 1997;Cochard et al, 2005), but most researchers measure just five or six points to determine a VC. High-resolution VC curves with nine to 27 points per curve can be collected quickly using the Cochard rotor.…”

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confidence: 99%

Investigations Concerning Cavitation and Frost Fatigue in Clonal 84K Poplar Using High-Resolution Cavitron Measurements

2015

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Both drought and freezing-thawing of stems induce a loss of hydraulic conductivity (percentage loss of conductivity [PLC]) in woody plants. Drought-induced PLC is often accompanied by physical damage to pit membranes, causing a shift in vulnerability curves (cavitation fatigue). Hence, if cavitated stems are flushed to remove embolisms, the next vulnerability curve is different (shifted to lower tensions). The 84K poplar (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa) clone has small vessels that should be immune from frost-induced PLC, but results demonstrated that freezing-thawing in combination with tension synergistically increased PLC. Frost fatigue has already been defined, which is similar to cavitation fatigue but induced by freezing. Frost fatigue caused a transition from a single to a dual Weibull curve, but drought-fatigued stems had single Weibull curves shifted to lower tensions. Studying the combined impact of tension plus freezing on fatigue provided evidence that the mechanism of frost fatigue may be the extra water tension induced by freezing or thawing while spinning stems in a centrifuge rather than direct ice damage. A hypothesis is advanced that tension is enhanced as ice crystals grow or melt during the freeze or thaw event, respectively, causing a nearly identical fatigue event to that induced by drought.

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Evaluation of a new centrifuge technique for rapid generation of xylem vulnerability curves

Abstract: absen

Cited by 271 publications

References 20 publications

Xylem Sap Surface Tension May Be Crucial for Hydraulic Safety

Xylem Sap Surface Tension May Be Crucial for Hydraulic Safety

Herbaceous angiosperms are not more vulnerable to drought-induced embolism than angiosperm trees

Investigations Concerning Cavitation and Frost Fatigue in Clonal 84K Poplar Using High-Resolution Cavitron Measurements

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