Evaluating the regulated emissions, air toxics, ultrafine particles, and black carbon from SI-PFI and SI-DI vehicles operating on different ethanol and iso-butanol blends

Abstract

h i g h l i g h t s Emissions evaluation from ethanol and iso-butanol GDI and PFI vehicles. THC, CO, and NO x did not show strong trends with ethanol and blends. PM mass, number, and black carbon emissions were higher for the GDI vehicles. Increasing ethanol and butanol content reduced PM and number emissions. Butanol blends enhanced the formation of butyraldehyde emissions.

The effect of ethanol blending on mixture formation, combustion and soot emission studied in an optical DISI engine

“…A significant decrease in PM exhaust emission was measured for higher ethanol contents (>30 vol%) [24]. Karavalkis et al [25] and Lee et al [26] obtained similar results for fuels with low ethanol content. Here, blends with intermediate ethanol content (e.g.…”

Size distribution, chemical composition and oxidation reactivity of particulate matter from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine fueled with ethanol-gasoline fuel

“…The use of ethanol in engines have benefits in reducing life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and harmful pollutant emissions [13]. It has been widely found that adding ethanol to PFI gasoline engines can suppress PM emissions [14,15]. However, for GDI engines, the results are divergent [16e19].…”

Performance and Regulated/Unregulated Emission Evaluation of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol and Gasoline Blends

“…However, under the same engine load, increases in ethylbenzene emission could be seen with ABE addition among ABE10, ABE20, and ABE30. Previous studies have found that the addition of ethanol or butanol in fuel blends could result in slightly higher ethylbenzene emission under low ethanol/butanol blend ratios [1,57]. ABE80 shows the lowest ethylbenzene emission, which is possibly due to the reduction of aromatics in the blend fuels.…”

“…According to the results of previous studies [1,33,[45][46][47][48], acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene) were selected as target toxic emissions from the exhaust gas. Because of the limitations in resolving the peaks in chromatography, the concentrations of m-xylene and p-xylene are shown as a total amount.…”

“…In recent years, with the worldwide energy crisis and environmental degradation, several studies have focused on utilizing renewable and environmentally friendly energy sources in internal combustion engines [1,2]. In order to increase combustibility, reduce emissions, and minimize the generation of volatile organic compounds, oxygenated additives in fuel blends are one of the possible solutions [3].…”