“…Similarly, numerous metrics have been employed among SVS-based studies showing that although benefits from SVS are observed, they are often design dependent (i.e., the 2D perspective display by SVS can induce spatial biases affecting SpA; Wickens, 2002b). Performance measures have included traffic location judgment (Alexander et al, 2009), the number of correct identifications of images made when matching a video of the actual terrain to SVS displays (Schnell & Lemos, 2002), the reproduction of highlighted terrain points from a blank SVS display on an out-the-window display (Alexander, Wickens, & Hardy, 2005), and both the detection and anticipation of CFIT incidents (Arthur et al, 2004; Hughes & Glaab, 2007; Uhlarik, Peterson, & Herold, 1998). Overall, as noted by Bolton et al (2007), these studies did not directly address any of three levels of SpA defined by Wickens, nor the L-R-S levels of SpK.…”